Aaron. High priest of the Hebrews. Moses’ older brother, and his spokesman to his own people and to pharaoh. Aaron used a rod to perform magic in attempts to convince Pharaoh to release the Hebrews. The rod changed into a snake and swallowed the snake-rods of the Egyptian magicians. Aaron brought three of the plagues with the rod: the rivers of blood, the frogs, and the lice. According to tradition, Aaron died on Mt Hor. In a cave he lay down upon a divine couch and died, leaving his vestments and office to Eleazar while Moses supervised. Then God obliterated the cave entrance. However the people murmured that perhaps Moses had killed Aaron in jealousy for his popularity. Then Aaron was shown to them on the couch, floating in the air. In Moslem legend, Moses and Aaron went up the mountain together, not knowing who would die. They found a coffin, which did not fit Moses, but was exactly Aaron’s size. Another legend says that the couch of death was in a house atop the mountain. Moses, knowing that Aaron was to die, suggested that Aaron rest on it. The couch with Aaron on it then lifted to Paradise, beneath the Tree of Life, where Aaron sits instructing priests. (Num33:33-) The Bible says Aaron died on Mt. Hor at Kadesh, age 123. Aaron is identified here as the “Eloquent Peasant” (who was agent for a “wretch” identified as Sinuhe/Moses); as Sesostris, the hero of “Exploits of Sesostris”; as Sesostris II; as Khakheperre who wrote “Lamentations”; and as the man who had a debate with his Ba. He is also one of the triplets in “Three Tales of Wonder”, who was predicted to be among the three brothers who would each become king, and he was also predicted to become a highpriest of ON.

 

AART of Ra. (“Legend of Gebb & Nutt” in Budge/Fetish p44) Tells of a serpent at a temple of AART, a chest guarded by a serpent with venom that caused deadly burns. The chest had mysteries of Thoth inside it. The majesty of Gebb was burned in his attempt to get the chest. The serpent changed into a crocodile. Gebb later had horns of a bull on his head. The burned face and horns of Gebb appear similar to what happened to Moses. This AART is also similar to the Ark of the Covenant.

 

Abominations. Unidentified evils. In Exodus 8:26, during the fourth plague, the Hebrews wanted to go three days travel into the mountainous desert to do what the Egyptians considered to be “abominations”. The Egyptian “Legend of the Destruction of Mankind by Ra” also refers to their god’s wrath over a group who fled to the mountains to do abominations. Another “Legend of Shu and Gebb”, tells of a group called Tegaiu, also involved with abominations (Budge/Fetish). See also Death.

 

Abram. Abraham’s name before God changed it.

 

Abraham. Earliest historical character of the bible, made covenant with God, paid tithes to Melchizedek, was a “blessing to all people of the earth”. His son, Isaac was spared in a sacrifice attempt, replaced by a ram provided by God. Abraham was Joseph’s grandfather. Cayce dates him at about 9000BC. Conventional dating usually about 1920 BC. The name Abraham may possibly be broken into parts: Ab = father, Ra = Egyptian sun god, Ham = son of Noah. Abram, his previous name Ab = father, ram = Amon-Ra, or the ram given in sacrifice. “Ram” also means soul. Ab-Ram may mean “father-soul.” Abraham’s third wife, Katurah, was ancestor of the Midians who welcomed the fleeing Moses.

 

Age. Number of years endured. The bible gives some ages of ancient people that lived to be over 900 years old. They had children when they were over 100. Are these ages counted the same way we count ages today? It is possible that the 365-day earth year may have been a different length back then, and became what we have now after some celestial event may have adjusted the earth’s orbit. It is also possible that before Noah’s flood, the sky was different because there were no rainbows. Here, the ages of Moses and Aaron, 120 and 123, are not only accepted, but also assumed to be not unusual for the time. Probably everybody lived to approximately those ages unless they suffered some mishap. The Egyptians neglected to give birthdays or ages at ascension to the throne. If these ages were known for the Twelfth Dynasty kings, the father-to-son switch to nephew-to-uncle, and brother-to-brother succession could be supported or disproved. The great ages of Aaron and Moses, and the proposed concurrent reigns of these brothers as Sesostris II, and III are plausible in the suggested reconstruction here.

 

Akashic record. Story of souls’ past lifetimes written on the skein of time and space, as if in books in a library. Edgar Cayce referred to this record in his past life readings given for those who requested readings. Cayce said an entity guarded the records allowing him to refer only to the section required in Cayce’s query. Not all information about the past life would be given out. Some might be so negative as to be unbearable to the person asking for information. Some might be so wonderful that it might tempt the person to become “puffed up” as Cayce explained. Only helpful information would be dispensed. Also other seekers should not guess or interpret why those in this lifetime suffer. When the Pharasees questioned Jesus about the man born blind, “Who sinned?” they asked, the blind man (in a previous life) or the parents of the blind man (in this life or their previous lives.) Jesus replied (paraphrased) that one must not judge a person suffering a misfortune as deserving the misfortune because of a previous sin. The man chose to be born blind so that Jesus could cure him and display his healing power that others might believe in Him. Likewise many persons bear heavy burdens not deserved by them because they chose the life to burn off sins of those they love or for those they don’t even know.

 

Akenaten. Famous funny looking Egyptian king of the New Kingdom, who is linked to starting monotheism. He made the Ankh popular. He is related to the famous golden Tutankhamen and the elegant-necked Nefertiti.

 

Amalek. Enemy overcome by Moses (Ex17:8-16), who is identified as the Egyptian Sinuhe’s “hero of the Retinu” who was also defeated by Sinuhe (who is Moses.)

 

Amenemhet I. First king of the Twelfth Dynasty. He had been vizier to the previous king, Mentuhotep III, last of the Eleventh Dynasty. Amenemhet I may have been involved in a coup in which he emerged as king. His mother, Nefert, was a Nubian from Elephantine. He also came from Upper Egypt, and followed the god, Amun, who gained in prominence as the supreme deity of Thebes. Amenemhet I reigned 30 years, bringing stability to the kingdom. He set up a new capital city, Itj-tawy near Memphis. He instituted the co-regency as a preemptive move to guarantee that his favored son would rule after him. He ruled with this son, Sesostris I, for ten years before being killed himself in a harem plot (which he probably anticipated).

 

Amenemhet II. Third king of the Twelfth Dynasty, son of Sesostris I. Here he is the king (also called Nubukaure) who listened to the “Eloquent Peasant” (Aaron). Amenemhet II is also the pharaoh who welcomed Sinuhe/Moses back to Egypt. See Scribe of B. This king, is also a nephew of both Aaron and Moses. Amenemhet II is the pharaoh killed in the biblical Exodus Red Sea battle. He also is one of a composite “Horus” (meaning the legitimate king) in the tale the “Contendings of Horus and Seth,” (Seth being another aspect of Moses.) Conventionally, he is considered to be the father of his successor, Sesostris II. However, here he is the pharaoh who lost his firstborn to the Angel of Death, and therefore left no heir. Amenemhet II’s successor, Sesostris II, is not his son, but his uncle, (our Aaron), the half-brother of his father, Sesostris I.

 

Amenemhet III. Sixth king of the Twelfth Dynasty, usually considered to be son of Sesostris III. Here he suceeded Moses, and therefore is identified as Joshua.

 

Amon (Amen or Amun). Ancient Egyptian god whose name means “hidden.” He gained dominance in New Kingdom at Thebes, and is depicted as a handsome man or ram with horizontal wavy horns. Later honored in temples at Karnak, Luxor in Thebes, also was worshipped in oases, linked to a goose, Pyramid Texts, Hermopolitan, identified with the sun and called Amon-Ra. Identified as the primeval creator god.

 

Ammon. Biblical character. Joshua 14:24-25 “Moses gave to the tribe of God and his children by their kindred a possession of which theirs is the division. The border of Jaser and all the cities of Galeal, and half of the land of the children of Ammon..” May also be linked to Ammuneschi. See also Jethro.

 

Ammuneschi. Madian tribal leader who welcomed the fugitive Sinuhe. Identified here as Jethro/Ruel of the bible, who welcomed the fugitive Moses. He may also have been a Heliopolitan priest, and may also have been linked to a brazen snake cult. He taught Moses some of his views. The name, Ammuneschi, may also be Amu son of Neschi. See Ammon.

 

Amu. Asiatics who entered Egypt. Manetho called them Hyksos. Here they are Hebrews. Note Ammuneschi may be Amu son of Neschi.

 

Angel. Heavenly being, usually a messenger from God. May take a human form, which is anthropomorphic. However, it’s original form may not be human like. The angel, a heavenly being with a flaming sword that expelled Adam and Eve from Eden is here considered to be some type of celestial body such as a comet. The “expulsion” may hide the destruction of the wonderful Eden, by the angel. The passover angel of death is also considered here to be the same such heavenly being sent by God to punish mankind. This Eden expulsion prefigures the Exodus evacuation to avoid the similar angel of death. The Velikovskian description of the passover angel as the threatening comet Venus, which erupted full size out of the red spot of Jupiter before it settled into a non-threatening orbit, seems apt. The angel that assisted Joshua could certainly also fit the same category because the long-day (when the sun stood still) may be some celestial effect.

 

Anpu. The older brother-father-figure character in the Egyptian “Tale of Two Brothers.” Considered here to be a composite of Amenemhet I and Sesostris I. Bata, the younger brother of the tale, may be another identity for Moses (Sinuhe/ later Sesostris III).

 

Apis. Sacred Egyptian bull worshipped at Memphis, earthly manifestation of Ptah. Many consider it a good candidate to be the Biblical golden calf.

 

Apohis. Egyptian chaotic celestial serpent, enemy of Ra.

 

Ark. A boat or a portable box or both. The ark of Noah was a boat that saved the remnant mankind from destruction. The mini-ark boat-basket saved the baby Moses from the ordered slaughter of the Hebrew baby boys. An ark symbolizes the “ship of state” with the “captain” being the king. The babe Moses found in an ark means that he was king by birth, royal, the baby captain of the ship of state, rescued by a royal princess. The Ark of the Covenant similarly bestows the divine right to rule. Whoever controlled the talisman conversed with God. This ark converted to a throne from which the judge proclaimed divine rulings while consulting/wearing the mysterious oracles, Urim and Thummin. As a throne, it conveyed kingship. It also had carrying poles, that is the king was borne, carried as on a sedan chair, a litter. The ark as box, also was repository for the book, the ‘word of God’ as written by Moses. The book, the law, also gave the possessor legal authority to rule.

 

Astronomy. Study of the heavens, the overwhelming preoccupation of the ancients. The Egyptians and the Madians seemed very accurate in their predictions. The biblical Madians seem to have bestowed their knowledge on Abraham, Joseph and Moses. Abraham married Katurah, a Madian princess. The Madians rescued Joseph from his brothers. Madians also rescued fugitive Moses and wed him to their princess, Zipporah. All three heros used their knowledge to save others from disasters, two famines and a passover angel.

 

Atum. Setting sun Egyptian god, Ra, primevally worshipped at Heliopolis.

 

Axum. City in Ethiopia where fragments of the Ark may be still guarded. See Ark of the Covenant. See Nubia.

 

Ba. Egyptian word meaning ram. Ba also meant soul: “Soul of Osiris lodged in a ram.” The body had to remain intact so that the ba might return to it. An ancient belief was that the stars were bas lit by their lamps. The ba had no separate existence until after death. On the cross, Jesus called out, “Abba, Father!” Ab = father, Ba = soul.

 

Baal. Generic name for Semitic gods, old god of Syrians, many linked to El, also identified with Astare, possibly Hathor, Venus, Golden Calf, Isis, Replaced El who was the leading figure in Ugartic-Canaanite pantheon. Ba’al similar to Ba (of) El. Ba meaning soul and El meaning beauty: “Soul of Beauty.”

 

“Back parts.” In the Bible, (Ex33:22-23) God allowed Moses to see his “back parts” but not his “face.” Strangely just a few paragraphs previously, (Ex33:11) Moses had spoken to God “face to face, as one man speaks to another.” But Moses asked God to see God’s “glory.” God said he could hide in a hollow of a rock and watch while God “passed by.” Clearly something momentous occurred. This “passing by” is identified as the “passover” incident. See Face.

 

Bata. Younger brother in Egyptian “Tale of Two Brothers,” here, another character identified with Moses.

 

Bedwi (Bedway). Ancient term for Bedouin or Asiatic nomads who fought against the mining expeditions and military campaigns of Egypt in the Sinai. These people may have also been Hebrews /Madians.

 

Berlin papyri. Documents from various eras of Egypt in the Egypt Museum in Berlin.

 

“Blinding of Truth by Falsehood.” See “Truth and Falsehood.”

 

Blood. First and last biblical plagues. These may have several explanations. In the first plague “all” the water in Egypt turned to blood. This matchs the “fake beer” blood in the Egyptian tale, “Destruction of Mankind by Ra,” which is described as “knee-deep.” Ra sent Hathor to destroy Egyptians. It may also be the blood of the victims of the passover angel (here Hathor). However it may be the blood of human sacrifice victims made in an attempt to appease the destroyer goddess/angel. It may be the same “blood of a lamb” that was to be put on the door lintels to deflect the passover angel. The blood being in the first and last plagues may be representative of the human sacrifice victims (first) and destroyer goddess/passover angel victims (last). See also Coincidences.

 

Bodies. The Egyptian belief that keeping the body intact after death was of paramount importance may have included a belief in reincarnation. The soul had to have a place to go. (See Ba.) The dismemberment murder of Osiris caused much horror, and it caused Isis to go on a parts retrieval mission to reassemble his body. She found the 14 parts except for the phallus. Osiris here is the king killed by Seth/Moses in a rage for the despoilment of his sister. However when Moses himself finally died, his enemies probably wanted to desecrate his body just as he had desecrated the body of Osiris. Thus the strange legend of the battle for Moses’ body by God and the devil. “God” and “the devil” were supposedly fighting for it (Jude9, Acts7:22). “God” won and buried it in a hidden place at Beth-Phogor in Moab (Deut34:1-8). See Moses’ death and body. The Egyptian preoccupation with mummification and preservation of the bodies of their beloved still fascinates us today. The ancients were very attached to their leaders. They held on to the bodies desperately. Folklore says that Noah had the body of father Adam on the ark to protect it from the flood. The body was said to be very large and it took up a lot of space on the ark. Many people think that the grave robbers of old were primarily interested in the gold and the treasures buried with the dead. However, with the great reverence attached to the great leaders, the gold may have been minor to the robbers. They may have wanted the actual bodies. Here Moses is identified as Sesostris III, whose tomb was opened by Jacques de Morgan in 1894. He found the body was no longer in the huge red sarcophagus (Barbara Mertz, Temples, Tombs and Hieroglyphs, NY Dodd,Mead & Co p121). Sesostris III was six foot, six inches tall, with red hair, which may explain why the thing was so large. Also, if he not only had red hair, but was linked to the mountainous deserts—the “red” lands, Canaan also means “red”, the red of the sarcophagus was appropriate to him. See Pyramids of Sesostris III. Cayce says that the Hebrews took Joseph’s body during the Exodus “to protect them.” However, it may have been that they took it “to protect it” from the chaos and destruction. Moses moved the mummified body of Joseph to Shechem/Nablus as Joseph had requested on his death bed. Joseph, here identified as Imhotep of the Old Kingdom, built the pyramid complex at Saqqara. Attempts by Walter Emery, a British archaeologist, to find Imhotep’s body were unsuccessful.

 

Bodies. Modern science can use DNA to prove or disprove ancestry, paternity of children. Recently some scientists have taken blood from certain Africans who claimed to be descended from the ancient Jewish Levites and compared samples to known Jewish descendants of the Levites, Jewish persons named Cohen or Kahane or Cohn. Results supported the Africans claim. Similiarly, samples could be taken from any of the Twelfth Dynasty kings, from the known mummies, perhaps the identities of Aaron and Moses as Sesostris II and III would be supported. Another scientific possibility involving mummies concerns Moses’ mother. Conventional history considers there to be father-to-son sequence in the Twelfth Dynasty kings. If the three Sesostris kings could be proved to be sons of one mother, this reconstruction would be supported. However, finding three different mummies, each a different mother of each Sesostris, this reconstruction would be wrong. Lana Troy offers a listing of the major women in the Twelfth Dynasty in her book “Patterns of queenship in Ancient Egypt,” 1986, and the two women in question, Khenemhet-Nefer-Hedjet I & II, may be the same person. Identified mummies would make the situation clear. See Moses’ mother.

 

Book of the Dead (Book of Coming Forth by Day). Popular loose collection of Egyptian formulas for the dead to follow in the underworld. The spells were usually written on papyrus and placed with the mummy in a burial. About 200 are known. Most continue the tradition of the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. They vary in length from short to very long. See Chapter CXLVIII of the Book of the Dead (in Budge) for an illustration with the seven cows similar to Joseph’s seven cow dream interpretation that also adds sense to Velikovsky’s recurrent cow-comet theory. See Seven cows. See Velikovsky.

 

Breastplate (Cuirass). A large piece of jewelry worn by a highpriest covering his chest. Aaron wore it. It held the twelve stones/jewels that represented the twelve tribes. It also held the Urim and Thummin, the two stones (jewels, crystals?) that answered questions as an oracle. These stones glowed yes or no answers. These were all kept in the Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 28:6-). In Maspero, G., “Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt”, a story on “High Emprise for the Cuirass” tells of an Egyptian tale about a group capturing the talisman. See Ark of the Covenant. In Krajenke, “A million Years to the Promised Land” p208,211: Cayce says in reading 987 that a Michigan housewife had once helped prepare the breastplate for Aaron.

 

Bull. Usually the Apis Bull is suggested to be the Golden Calf. Here the cow or calf is preferred. See Calf. See Cow.

 

Burning bush. (Exodus 3) God appeared to Moses at the burning bush on Mt. Horeb in Madian, home of the best astronomers, who had links to Abraham and Joseph, and gave him his mission. Cayce says this incident gave Moses the understanding of the coming passover. Here Moses understood that his mission was to get the people out of Egypt, out of harm’s way. Here Moses finally understood Joseph’s astronomical deathbed warning, “God will visit you.” Certainly the Madian astronomers clearly explained the celestial threat to Moses. Moses then knew he had to save the people by getting them out of the way of the passover angel/comet which was coming to hit Egypt. Thus evacuation, exodus from the target area.

        At his own deathbed Moses blessed the tribe of Joseph (Deut 33:16) and connected Joseph to “Him that appeared in the bush.” The understanding that Moses got at the “bush” is linked to his understanding of the Joseph deathbed prophecy. The bush incident is here likened to “Tale of the Herdsman” in which the goddess Hathor, appears in a sycamore tree to a terrified shepherd who is Moses.

 

Calf (cow and/or bull). The placid farm animal that is so important in both the Bible and in the Egyptian stories. Joseph’s seven cows dream interpretation may be explained as an astronomical prediction involving some recurrent celestial being/comet that looked like a cow. Here this seven cow dream is linked to the later passover as also the Golden Calf, and to the Egyptian cow-goddess Hathor, and to Velikovsky’s comet Venus/Astare. Those Egyptians who worshipped Hathor may have been called “noble cattle” while those who accepted Ra (ram) may have been called “sheep.”

 

Canals. Man-made waterways built to irrigate farmland and allow boat travel. Undoubtedly the delta area was efficiently crossed with irrigation canals. According to Pliny and Strabo, Sesostris of the Middle Kingdom originally built the Suez Canal. In “Exploits of Sesostris” the destruction of canals in the fight between the king and his brother who was “left in charge” of Egypt, caused much grief to the already distressed population.

 

Cannibal Hymn. See Unas.

 

Cats. In the Apis myth, a cat cut off the head of the snake who threatened Ra. This cat could be related to Hathor who became a fiery lion, Sekhmet, when she tried to destroy mankind.

 

Cayce, Edgar. Famous American psychic, Edgar Cayce used “readings” to help ill persons recover. He also referred to “past lives” as having some influence on the present lifetime (to the shock of many, himself included!). The Association for Research and Enlightenment in Virginia Beach, Va. has his readings available and offers non-denominational “Search for God” efforts. The A.R.E offers many books on Edgar Cayce. These books are also in the public libraries. The Cayce readings are also available on CD. The Robert Krajenke book about the Old Testament, “A million years to the promised land,” uses the Edgar Cayce readings, and offers some details that give some clues in this effort.

 

Cherubim. May be angels or winged heavenly beings. Freidman, in his book “Who wrote the bible?” considers them to be depictions of the winged bulls holding up the Ark of the Covenant. He considers them similar to the golden calf (calves?) but were not to be worshipped. They may have just been Egyptian style decorations, he says.

 

Coincidences.

Bible to Egyptian:

-two foreseen seven year famines along with images of seven cows and seven sheaves of wheat: Joseph’s and Imhotep’s

-two flights to Madian along with marriage, prosperity and return to Egypt, and Egyptian burial: Moses’ and Sinuhe’s

-two eloquent guys who each give nine talks to pharaoh: Aaron and the “Eloquent Peasant”

-two incidents of two sons dying in a strange fire: Aaron’s and Sesostris’s

-two mentions of abominations by those who went to the mountains: Hebrew’s during 4th plague, and those in the “Gebb & Nutt” tale, and in “Legend of the Destruction of Mankind.”

-two mentions of fiery serpents and burning wounds: Bible Num 21:6 and in “Gebb & Nutt.”

-two darkness periods: the bible’s ninth plague, and the 9 days of darkness in “Gebb & Nutt.”

-two large amounts of blood: 1st plague when all water turned to blood, and fake red colored beer blood “to the knees” deep made to deflect the destroyer goddess Hathor in “Legend of the Destruction of Mankind.”

-two blood sacrifices as appeasement: Hebrews “blood of lamb” put on lintels to divert the destroyer, and the fake blood/ beer to get the goddess Hathor “drunk” and divert her (both of these and the previous abominations may be veiling some human sacrifice)

-two heavenly destroyers: bible’s passover angel, and Egyptian goddess Hathor sent to destroy mankind

-two Egyptian leaders who were also uniquely king of Ethiopia: Moses (according to legend) and Sesostris III

-two female leaders follow shortly after Joshua and Amenemhet III: Deborah and NefruSobek (Sobeknefru), who who are here identified as the same person.

 

Egyptian to Egyptian texts:

-that the name of the welcomer king in “The Story of Sinuhe,” matches the name of the king who listened to the “Eloquent Peasant.” The welcomer king was Amenemhet (according to the “Scribe of B”) and the listener king was Amenemhet II/Nebkaure. (Both of these identifications are subject to dispute. See Sir Alan Gardiner’s “Notes on the Story of Sinuhe.”)

-that the “Eloquent Peasant” may be an agent for Sinuhe. That is, he delivered the “letter” to the king. The letter is merely mentioned in the Story of Sinuhe, while in the Eloquent Peasant the letter is expanded into the whole nine talks. The “Eloquent Peasant” is Aaron, while the wretch for whom he pleads, is Sinuhe/Moses).

-that the reigns of Sesostris II and Sesostris III are often confused, which could be explained if they were concurrent and each accepted the other (somewhat) as legitimate. Sesostris II is Aaron (after having been the “Eloquent Peasant”), while Moses became Sesostris III, after Aaron became a heretic.

-that the author of “Lamentations (Complaints) of Khakheperre-sonbe” matches second name of Sesostris II/Aaron.

-that the Sesostris of “Exploits of Sesostris” is Sesostris II which would also match the “strange fire deaths of Aaron’s two sons.

-that the triplets of “Three Tales of Wonder” are the three Sesostris kings of the Twelfth Dynasty not 5th dynasty kings who are usually suggested. This would explain the magnitude of the three brothers, and explain the great ages of both Moses and Aaron. See Khufu and the Magicians.

 

“Complaints of Khakheperre-sonbe (also Lamentations).” Twelfth Dynasty text, the last words of Aaron, who is also identified as Sesostris II, before his death.

 

Composite characters. Heroes of several Egyptian stories that are identified as single individuals with different names. The stories tell only parts of the whole story. See the family tree charts, and cast of characters for a listing. Most of the Egyptian stories used here are superimposed on the main reconstructed Biblical family tree chart. The reconstruction emerged from clues in the Cayce reading on Moses’ sister, Sidiptu.

 

“Contendings of Horus and Seth” (“80 Year Contendings of Horus and Seth”). See Horus. See Isis.

 

Copper. Orange metal mined on Sinai by Egyptians who used Asiatic slaves. See Serabit el Khadem. The tale “Truth and Falsehood” tells of a huge copper “dagger” on the Mt. of El. Hints of God in thunder and lightning on the mountain.

 

Cow as symbol for year in pharoah’s dream (kine). Here the cow is linked to Velikovsky’s cow-comet theory, the golden calf, Hathor, and the last “day” of “creation”-which is identified as the day of the passover. See Calf and Creation. However Canadian scholar Donald Redford says in his book, “A study of the biblical story of Joseph,” p205: “The cows of Pharaoh’s dream stand for years. A not uncommon cryptographic writing of the word for ‘year’ in Ptolemaic inscriptions employs the hieroglyphic symbol of the cow. For earlier periods no such value is attested for the sign. By what devious ways the cow hieroglyph received this symbolic connexion, is not immediately apparent.”

 

Creation. Moses wrote the seven-day creation story in Genesis. Here the seven days are identified with the seven cows of Joseph (which Moses also wrote) as a “story” explanation of the horrendous celestial events that Moses understood and tried to convey to the uninitiated. The “days” are “new suns” that is, the earth perhaps was hit off it’s axis seven times, that Moses knew of from his initiate education. The seven days of creation are suggested here to be listed as the seven destructions in Genesis and Exodus: 1)expulsion from Eden, 2)Noah’s flood, 3)Abraham’s famine, 4)destruction of Sodom, 5)Joseph’s famine, 6)passover, 7)destruction of Jericho. The reversal of 6 and 7 possibly being poetic license or the retreat of the comet which became less dangerous comet. Solomon also had an experience with the angel of destruction and lost 70,000 persons.

 

Cuirass. See Breastplate

 

Cush. See Nubia.

 

“Dark.” One of the triplets of the tale “Khufu and the Magicians,” who was predicted to become king was called dark. He is Sesostris I, whose grandmother was Nubian.

 

Darkness. Lack of light, may involve the spin of the earth being interrupted to the horror of the inhabitants. In the Bible, (Ex 10:22-23), the ninth plague of darkness occurred before the 10th plague-the passover angel. Likened to the Egyptian “Legend of Shu and Gebb,” (Budge/Fetish p441) which tells of nine days of darkness and winds and commotion in the palace, this abnormal darkness may be some sort of celestial phenomena such as Venus (the passover angel comet) blocking the sun, before, during and after, the actual hit. It compares to the also terrifying “long day” of Joshua. The magnetic-gravitational attractions of the earth and the planet/comet may also have been involved.

 

“Dear daughter.” See Sidiptu.

 

Death. Death was often hidden by the Egyptians by euphemisms such as we use, like “He kicked the bucket.” Likewise, and even more so, they also veiled murder and human sacrifice. Murder to the Egyptians may be “He laid him on his side.” As we would say “He knocked him off.” The horror of human sacrifice would certainly be sanitized by the later revisionists who undoubtedly could not comprehend the extremity of the situation. The approach of the destroyer angel may have driven all to not only consider human sacrifice as the only possible alternative, but the victims themselves may have considered the “honor” as preferable to enduring the dire situation faced by the living. Another use of “death” may be in Osiris. The meaning of Osiris is the occupation of being dead. Any one who dies becomes “Osiris.” Two differing traditions give different versions of how Osiris was killed by Seth. One version says he was drowned. All murders to the Egyptians may be called “drownings” possibly. The other version tells of a stabbing and dismemberment.

 

“Dispute between a man and his Ba.” Egyptian text from the Middle Kingdom written by a man contemplating his impending death, the eloquent Aaron/Sesostris II.

 

Djoser. Egyptian king also called Zoser or Netjerykhet, who ruled as second king of Third Dynasty, 2630-2610. Imhotep was his vizier and architect of his step-pyramid complex at Saqqara. The stone monument Famine Stele on Sehel Island in the Nile records a seven year famine during his reign. Imhotep advised him to rebuild a temple at Elephantine to honor the god Khnum, who would then end the famine. Imhotep is Joseph. And both the biblical and Egyptian famines are the same incident.

 

“Doomed Prince.” This Middle Kingdom story tells of a prince who, the Seven Hathors predict, faces three dooms: involving a snake, a dog and a crocodile. Here the seven Hathors are likened to the seven cows of Joseph who predicted a famine. These cows are considered to be astronomical, and the prince is considered to be the earth. The dooms are astronomical. The prince is also another identity of Moses, and his Madian wife.

 

“Eighty year contendings of Horus and Seth.” Egyptian tale about a battle for the throne. Horus represents the “legitimate” king, while Seth represents the royal brother/uncle foreigner who killed Osiris, and has more leadership abilities, and who wants the throne. Seth is Moses. The 80 year period represents the time from the murder of Amenemhet I, when Moses/Sinuhe was age 40, to his own death at age 120, when Joshua (Amenemhet III) took over as king. This succession battle was only settled with Moses/Sesostris III/Seth’s death. See Horus. See Isis.

 

El. Means beautiful, as in eloquent, elegant. Ancient name of God. One of the famous four (Elohist, Yahwist, Priestly, and Deuteronomist) traditions/authors of the Pentateuch. Some links to Ba’al, as the “Ba of El,” or the “soul of Beauty,” or the “angel of the Lord.” Ancient markings at Serabit el Khadem, written in Sinatic Semitic script depict the word “El.”

 

el-Lisht (It-tawy). Capital city of Twelfth Dynasty chosen by Amenemhet I, who moved it north from Thebes to near Memphis. Its exact location remains unknown.

 

“Eloquent Peasant.” A long Egyptian Middle Egyptian text in which a wronged fellah, deprived of his holdings, complains nine times to the pharaoh. The text is identified as the nine pleadings of Aaron to the Pharaoh (Amenemhet II).

 

Enoch, Enos. Biblical character identified as one of the lifetimes of Christ. Cayce says Christ had past lives as Adam, Enoch, Hermes, Melchizedek, Joseph, Joshua and Jesus (and a few others). Hermes is also elsewhere identified as Thoth.

 

Ethiopia. African country south of Egypt, near Nubia (Cush). Both countries have some overlap, that is they may have been one country, or under one rule at the time.

 

Exodus. Simply means leaving a place. In the bible it is the second book, written by Moses. He tells about leading a very large group, 600,000 men, or about 2million plus persons, out of Egypt. Confirmed dating for the Exodus has not yet been proven, however most consider Rameses II of the New Kingdom to be the pharaoh during the Exodus. The incident and the people involved are considered to be so minor as to have not been recorded by the Egyptians themselves. Michael D. Coogan offers this observation (in “The Oxford Companion to the Bible,” ed. by Bruce Metzger): “The Bible itself is virtually devoid of concrete detail that would enable the Exodus to be dated securely. It names none of the Pharaohs with whom Joseph, the ‘sons of Israel,’ and Moses and Aaron are reported to have dealt. Egyptian records are also silent about the events described in the later chapters of the book of Genesis and the first half of the book of Exodus; they make no mention of Joseph, Moses, the Hebrews, the plagues, or a catastrophic defeat of Pharaoh and his army.”

 

“Exploits of Sesostris.” Short Egyptian text about a king, Sesostris (no Roman numeral designation) who fought with his “brother left in charge” of Egypt. This brother tried to dispatch this king in a fake welcome-home party that he torched. Two of the king’s sons heroically threw themselves down over the fire to allow the king and his wife and the rest of the family to escape. The version used is in Maspero’s “Popular Tales of Ancient Egypt.” Here this king is identified as Sesostris II and as Aaron who lost his sons to a strange fire (Lv 10:1-2). The “brother left in charge” of Egypt, is Moses, who later became Sesostris III.

 

Face. Front part of a person’s head, or the front of anything, such as a clock. The Egyptian goddess Hathor was a rare Egyptian character depicted full face. Usually they preferred profiles. In the tale of the “Destruction of Mankind,” her face was depicted as “lovely” as she passed by. The Egyptian word “hr” means face. Compare this to the “back parts” of God as he passed by (Ex33;22-23). No one was permitted to see God’s face. Although Moses had just spoken to God “face to face.”

        The bible notes that Moses’ face was horned, shiny, and veiled. All of these descriptions can be interpreted a few ways. The “horned” description may mean that something happened to his skin, it was injured some way and became like a “horny” toad. This was ugly and may explain why he veiled it. The “shiny” descriptive may mean he glowed as simply so holy that he gave off a visible aura, the halo of the saints. However, the “horns” may also mean that he wore a horned hat, the horns symbolizing how the comet looked, similar to Hathor’s headpiece. But the “veiling” of Moses’ face is the writer’s clue that the “real” identity of Moses was being hidden. Moses in the bible did not reveal that he was a king of Egypt, Sesostris III. The biblical author cryptically called Moses “humble.” Either Moses himself, or an editor who may have known his true identity, deleted it but left the clue “humble.” The reason may be that the exodused Hebrews forming a new county wanted to distance themselves from the Egyptians. But they wanted to keep Moses as their hero. How could he be a Hebrew hero if he was an Egyptian king? See Veiled.

 

Family. The human group into which individuals are born. In Egyptian, “a single word could mean brother, mother’s brother or brother’s son (and no doubt more besides); others will have had similarly extended meanings. This means that reconstructed genealogies can seldom be verified,” (Baines & Malek, “Atlas of Ancient Egpyt,” p206). Nevertheless, see the suggested family tree for Moses.

 

Ferryman. Person who runs a boat back and forth across a river. May be a derogatory term for a failed king compared to a successful king being called captain of the ship of state. See Island in the Midst. See Isis. See Horus and Seth. See Nemty (nickname for Amenemhet II).

 

Fiction. Literature that is fabricated, and not true. Some scholars consider “The Story of Sinuhe” to be fiction. Others also consider that there is no relation between Sinuhe and the murder of the king, other than he lived at the time, and feared the chaos. Here, not only is the story about a real person, the person is Moses. None of the Bible is considered fiction despite parts being confusing, inconsistent and unclear.

 

Fiery serpents. Strange creatures described in the Bible (Num21:6-). They are linked to Ark of the Covenant and Aaron’s rod. See the Egyptian tale about the “Aart of Ra,” which was protected by venomous serpents that caused burning wounds. See “Legend of Shu and Gebb,” (Budge/Fetish p442). See also serpents and seraphim.

 

“Filthy whore.” See Sidiptu.

 

Geb/Gebb. Egyptian earth god, consort of Nut, the sky godess, both from the Heliopolitan Ennead.

 

“Gebb and Nutt.” See Aart of Ra.

 

Genealogy. See Family.

 

Genesis. First book of the Bible, written by Moses, tells of very ancient events in a simplified way. The Joseph story is linked essentially to the Moses story.

 

Glyph. Picture/sign/symbol/letter used by the Egyptians in their hieroglyphs.

 

Golden calf. In the Bible (Exodus 32), Aaron led the Hebrews into worshiping the thing, usually thought to be a golden statue of a calf, during the absence of Moses on the mountain. The thing is really the passover angel/comet. Furthermore, it is identified as Hathor, the Egyptian cow goddess called the “golden one.”

 

God. Creator who exists and is involved with His people. He loves us and wants us to be happy with Him. Without Moses we would have very different ideas about God. Moses spoke “face to face” with God, made a covenant between God and the people, gave us a written law, and recorded the first five books of the Bible. However, there remains much confusion about the historic God with whom Moses dealt. He is called by many names such as El, YHWH, Lord, which may be linked with Amon, Ra and/or Ba’al. Also the Angel of the Lord is sometimes confused with the Lord Himself. The word “god” (lower case g) may refer to not only angels but to the pharaoh (who also may be Lord.) “God” may also be the god “Ra” and the goddess, “Hathor.” None of these possible confusions imply the non-existence of God. He is not the fake Oz in the “Wizard of Oz.” However, the “back parts” of God mentioned in the bible, do not support (“that”) God being a spirit. Here these “back parts” are considered to be the passover/comet/golden calf/Hathor retreating. This confusion is considered minor. Cayce never ceased urging prayer and thanksgiving to God. Cayce never wavered about God’s existence. Not only did Cayce know of God’s existence, he also knew that the Son of God, “The Master,” (the soul who became Jesus) is always with us. Cayce revealed the shocking reincarnation soul-story of Jesus, telling us that Jesus reincarnated at least 30 times, first as Adam, then as Joseph, Joshua, and Jesus among others. His purpose was always to help us. And indeed He will come again. Here, Joshua is identified as Amenemhet III. In the Bible, the Egyptian stories and the Velikovsky theories, the manifestations of God are assumed here to be the same phenomena. The “God” Joseph predicted, who was to “visit” them in Egypt is the passover angel of death, the angel of the Lord, or the Passover of the Lord. The seven days of creation are also the seven cows of Joseph’s prediction, that is each is an astro destruction (manifestation of God’s work.) The “Book of the Dead’s” chapter on the seven cows repeats the Joseph seven cow prediction. Velikovsky said that the passover was the comet Venus (a heavenly being or “god”)which passed close to the earth causing destruction and death. Velikovsky noted that the comet was Astare to the Assyrians and Hathor to the Egyptians. The “Legend of Apep” tells of a snake attacking Ra, the sun god, who was saved by Isis/Hathor. The “Story of Sinuhe” mentions the “Land of Yaa” (Yahweh) one name of God where the Madians understood astronomy. The “Tale of the Herdsman” tells of a peasant seeing a goddess (Hathor) in a burning bush, which is identified as Moses’ burning bush vision of God. The “Eloquent Peasant” mentions “The Lady of Pestilence” (Hathor) who partly destroyed Egypt in “The Legend of the Destruction of Mankind by Ra,” the sun god. Moses talked to God on Mt Sinai/Hor/Horeb (after he slaughtered some Aaronid heretics.) He allowed 70 elders to see the “back parts” of God as he “passed by” (Ex33:23). This was the “tail” end of the passover event, the main manifestation of God.

 

Goose. Symbol of the Egyptian god Gebb, the great Cackler, the layer of the cosmic egg that contained the Sun; also linked to Amun. The Three Tales of Wonder tells of a magician’s ability to restore the severed head of a goose. Here this may be the restoration of the cult of Amun to power. This “restoration of a severed goose head” is scorned by the “Eloquent Peasant” in one of his talks. See “Shipwrecked Sailor” for another goose.

 

Goshen. Egyptian land occupied by the Hebrews in the eastern delta area.

 

Harem. Household of lesser wives, highly organized, includes foreign princesses given in marriage. Linked to conspiracies in the Old, Middle and New Kingdom reigns of Pepi I (2289-2225), Amenemhet I (1991-1962), and Ramses III (1194-1163). The royal succession was matrilinear. These women were powerful and may have actually controlled who was chosen to be king. Their (her?) approval was essential for legitimacy in the eyes of the people.

 

Hatherpsut. An Egyptian woman “in power,” said by Cayce to be mother of Sidiptu and Moses (335-1) in Krajenke p58. Note similarity of name to Hathor. She ruled as queen-mother, the wife of Amenemhet I, and mother of the triplets, the three Sesostrises. See Moses’ mother. This spelling may also just be a mistake for Hatshepsut.

 

Hathor. Very ancient Egyptian goddess. Called the “Golden one.” Linked to turquoise, and the sycamore. Depicted as a woman, often front-face (“hr” means “face”), with a certain rounded hairstyle, with cow ears, horns, with a solar disc between her horns. Honored at Dendra, Thebes, Memphis, Serabit-el Khadem on western Sinai. Name meant “Temple of Horus,” Horus rested in her mouth at night. Often shown as nursing a child on her lap (visually like Mary and Jesus as Mother and Child). Called mother and daughter of Ra. “Tale of the Destruction of Mankind by Ra” tells of her having been sent (as the fiery lioness Sekhmet) by Ra to destroy mankind for their sins. The word “star” may also derive from the names Ishtar, Astare and Hathor. Here she is not only Velikovsky’s comet (Venus before it became a planet with a stable orbit) that hit the earth as the passover angel, but also as the “Golden calf” that was worshiped by the Aaronid heretics. In Gardiner’s “Notes of the Story of Sinuhe,” p104, she is called “Beauteous one,” “Lady of Heaven,” “Golden One,” “Lady of the Stars,” and/or “Lady of the Gates.” In the “Eloquent Peasant” she is referred to as the “Lady of Pestilence.” All of these titles support the idea that “she” may be a celestial thing that not only looks like a cow, but is also golden, and causes pestilence. In other words, a good candidate to be not only the “Golden calf,” but also the “angel of death,” the passover event itself.

 

Hebrews. Israelites, Asiatics, Midianites, bedouin, and shepherds are all considered as candidates to be Hebrews, although there are distinctions.

 

Heliopolis. Ancient city near northern Cairo also called Annu, Iune and On. Religiously and ideologically it was the center of worship of the creator god, Atum and the sun god, Ra. There is a still standing obelisk of Sesostris I, but not much else from the Twelfth Dynasty there. Joseph married a daughter of a Heliopolitan priest, and he may have been a Heliopolitan priest himself. Both Moses and Aaron were Heliopolitan priests.

 

Hermes. Ancient Egyptian god linked to the great pyramid. (The words “hermetically sealed” refer back to his effort in sealing the pyramid.) He is also identified as the Greek god Mercury. Cayce says Hermes may be a lifetime of Jesus. See also Enoch and Thoth.

 

Highpriest. Chief astronomer and religious leader. Aaron was a high priest. Joseph and Moses were Heliopolitan high priests who knew the secrets of astronomy and could predict the celestial events.

 

Homosexual incident. In “80 Years Contendings of Horus and Seth” an extremely graphic description of Seth sexually dominating Horus, contrasts with the usual evasive Egyptian style. This may simply be a “description” of a humiliating defeat, as we would say, “He really screwed him out of his inheritance.”

 

Hor. Mt Hor in the bible may be Mt Horeb which was another name for Mt Sinai. Note the similarity not only of Hor to Horus, and to HatHOR, but also Sinai to Sinuhe (Moses here).

 

Horeb. See Hor.

 

Horus, Hor or Har. Literally, he who is above: an ancient Egyptian solar deity who combined two or more originally separate gods, who were recognized as separate personages. The solar Horus, often called the Egyptian Apollo, was a brother of Osiris, Isis, and Set. This was the falcon headed god, sometimes depicted simply as a falcon, of Upper Egypt, perhaps the most ancient god of the Egyptian pantheon, and identical with Ra. He appeared as Herakhty, Horus of the Horizon, the rising and setting sun; as Horus the Elder, the Greek Haroeris; as the Horus whose representation was the winged solar disk that protected temples from evil and was carved above their floors. In myth, he was the avenger of his father Osiris, slaying Set. In the struggle he lost an eye which, after he ascended his father’s throne and was affirmed in the office by an assemblage of the gods, Thoth replaced it. Horus also saw to it that Osiris was properly buried. This Horus was the type of the dutiful son: the eye was the symbol of sacrifice, of duty to the gods and to the ancestors. The pharaohs always had a Horus name, their first title, written with the falcon symbol. Horus was especially the protector of the Northern Kingdom. See Isis for “Contendings of Horus and Seth” interpretation.

 

Human Sacrifice. See Death.

 

Hyksos. Name applied by Manetho to the Asiatics, the “Shepherd Kings” who entered Egypt in later Middle Kingdom. May have had horse-drawn chariots. Josephus thought they were Hebrews.

 

Illegitimate. Seth suggested that Isis’s son, Horus, was illegitimate because she impregnated herself after Osiris was killed and his parts scattered. This Horus is suggested here to be Amenemhet II.

 

Imhotep. Old Kingdom, Third Dynasty vizier, under Djoser, also served under other kings. Was a high priest of Ptah, also a poet, architect, physician (the Greek Asclepios), a commoner who rose through talent, he wrote didactic texts, was architect of the Saqqara complex which he built with plans from Thoth that “dropped from the sky.” He was deified and said to be “the son of Ptah, born of [Khratonkh] who causes [mankind] to live,” a world savior. Cyril Aldred, in his book, “The Egyptians” says Imhotep was celebrated throughout the history of Egypt as the virtual founder of its culture. He notes the founder highpriest’s preoccupation with the movement of the sun and other celestial bodies, and the mensuration of times as well as space. Such science was jealously preserved as the mysteries of their religion and handed down from one adept to another, like the secrets of writing, reading, mathematics and other craft. Such knowledge too, conferred power, and ensured that in the developing technology of the Egyptian state, the wise men of On/Heliopolis would be paramount. Here Imhotep is Joseph of Genesis.

 

“Instructions of King Amenemhet I to his Son Sesostris I.” Gives another version of the murder of the king that is described in “The Story of Sinuhe.” It is obviously “ghost written” by a propagandist hired by Sesostris I. It leaves many clues that the murderer is known, but intentionally does not name him.

 

“Intef.” Egyptian text by a man complaining about the dire situation, and the futility of any efforts. This is here considered to be about the passover/destruction of Egypt event, and the futility of the exodus/evacuation effort.

 

Ipuwer papyrus (“Admonitions of Ipuwer”). An ancient Egyptian document preserved on Papyrus Leiden 344, copied by 19th Dynasty scribes about 1200BC. May be from the Old or Middle Kingdoms. A translation appears in Lichtman, “Ancient Egyptian Literature,” Vol I p149-162. Here it is considered to be from the Twelfth Dynasty, the time suggested here for the Exodus. It laments “national distress” during terrible times of disaster and invasion. There is extreme pessimism. Velikovsky notes and parallels some details between this text and the Exodus:

        “ . . . the river is blood,” compared to Ex7.20 “ . . . and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.”

        “ . . . the trees are destroyed . . .” compared to Ex9.25 “hail . . . brake every tree of the field . . .”

        “ . . . the land is not light . . .” compared to Ex10.22 “ . . . a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt . . .”

        “ . . . the children of princes are dashed against the wall . . .” compared to Ex12.29 “ . . . the Lord smote all the firstborn . . .”

        “ . . . groaning throughout the land . . .” compared to Ex12:30 “a great cry in Egypt..”

 

        Furthermore, there is a line in the Ipuwer papyrus that refers to “a king being taken away by poor men.” Here this is considered to be the drowning of Amenemhet II in the Red Sea battle, and/or the victory over Sesostris II/Aaron by his brother Sesostris III/Moses, (and his “poor” Hebrew army).

 

Isis. Most famous Egyptian goddess. The “character” Isis may have a two-fold symbolism: the first as celestial, that is as a planet or comet, and secondly as a human office, that is as the throne, the legitimacy of the royal succession. Her name glyph is a throne, meaning royalty. In other words she would represent a human woman who passes on the kingship. Furthermore Isis (Eve) may also represent an office the ancient pure line of royal kingship. She signifies legitimacy, genetic or chosen, blessed or some such religious, hereditary, initiate criteria, for the true royal line. The legitimacy comes from the mother, but the power goes to the legitimate son (king). That may have been the theory, but in reality successful succession depends on several intriguing factors, such as who can win in the courts, on the battlefield and in the hearts of the people.

 

Island of the ka. In the tale, “The Shipwrecked Sailor,”’ the hero is saved by a “serpent” who takes him to his “island of the ka.” This may be a phantom, or spiritual trip, a visit by the hero, another identity of Moses, to his high priest father, symbolized by the snake. Ka means a person’s individual spiritual power.

 

Island in the Midst. Place in the tale “80 Year Contendings of Horus and Seth” where the heavy negotiations took place over succession.

 

Itj-Tawy. See el-Lisht.

 

Jesus and Moses. In the New Testament (Matt 17:1-8), Jesus was transfigured in front of Peter, James and John. His face turned bright, and Moses and Elijah appeared. In Hebrews 3:1-6, Jesus is given greater honor/status than Moses. Cayce says that one of the (at least 30) previous lifetimes of Jesus was as Joshua, therefore Jesus and Moses were close to each other. Joshua was the aide/secretary/scribe who actually wrote (and corrected) what Moses wanted recorded. That is, Jesus the Son of God, as Joshua/Amenemhet III (the physical son of Moses/Sesostris III) actually wrote the word of God. And he also WAS the WORD of God. A holy book indeed. See also Thoth, and Imhotep and Joseph, some other lifetimes of Jesus. See also Veiled.

 

Jethro. In the Bible Reul/Reuel, is the Midianite tribal leader and priest who welcomed the fleeing Moses and became his father-in-law. Here Jethro is also identified as Amuneschi, who in “The Story of Sinuhe” welcomed the fleeing hero and wed him to his daughter

 

Jewish Legends. Stories not in the Old Testament. “Book of Jewish Tales and Legends” by M.G.Green (NY:Hebrew Publishing Co,1929) says: pg30:”heavens sink down every 1656 years.” Compare this to the Velikovskian recurrent comet theory. On pg274: “Moses was king of Ethiopia.” This may explain why he married a Cushite (Ethiopian?) woman. Moses is here also identified as Sesostris III, who was the lone pharaoh who was also king of Ethiopia. On p349: “The Egyptians say: “By the evil star, Ra’ah, did He bring them forth to slay them in the mountains, and to consume them from the face of the earth.” This may refer to the Egyptian tale, “The Destruction of Mankind by Ra” which here is identified as the destruction of the Egyptians by the passover angel and as Velikovsky’s comet theory. On p430: Moses argues with God about his not wanting to die. This seems suspiciously similar to Aaron’s death. That is, he was ordered to die, and he complied. Furthermore, the death of such a controversial character would allow the beloved and accepted next king Amenemhet III to take over and end the factional squabbling. Amenemhet III is suggested to be another great leader of the bible, Joshua.

 

Jocabed. See Moses’ mother.

 

Joseph. Main character in last part of the Book of Genesis. Contrary to some opinions that Joseph is a fictional character, here he is not only quite historic, but he is also identified as Imhotep. Cayce also says that Joseph was also a lifetime of Jesus. See also Imhotep. See seven cows.

 

Josephus. Ancient historian, (37-100 AD). Tells how Moses battled the Ethiopians, married an Ethiopian princess named Tharbis, and was king over Ethiopia.

 

Ka. Spirit, while ba means soul. The ka represents a person’s spiritual power. In the Egyptian tale about the triplets, the triplet identified as Moses was named “his ka is mighty.”

 

Kerma. A city south of Egypt which Sesostris III seized in a battle with the “vile Kush.” See Korah.

 

Khenemet-Nefer-Hedjet. See Moses’ mother.

 

Khakheperre. Another name for Sesostris II. Here identified as Aaron.

 

Khakheperre-sonbe’s Complaints. See Complaints of Khakheperre-sonbe

 

Khnum (Khenemu). Egyptian creator god depicted as a man with horizontal wavy ram horns often seated at a potter’s wheel. The engraved monument Stele at Sehel Island tells of a seven-year famine during reign of Djoser. Imhotep advised the king to repair the temples to Khnum and thus to end the famine. See Imhotep.

 

“Khufu (Cheops) and the Magicians” or “Three Tales of Wonder.” This tale from the Middle Kingdom is written as if it were from the Old Kingdom. The first tale tells of the king moving a large chunk of water in order to retrieve a jewel dropped by a young lady. The second part tells of a magician’s ability to reattach a severed head back to a goose. The third tells of woman giving birth to triplets who each would become king.

 

King lists. Ancient records listing the kings of Egypt. Seti I (1306-1290 BC) offers a list on his Abydos temple that deliberately omits Hyksos, Hatshepsut, Akenaton and Horemeb. The Saqqara list from the Rameses II period, offers 58 names. In the festival hall at Karnak from the Tuthmosis III (1479-1425 BC) period, a list offers 62 kings. The Turin Canon in the Egyptian Museum at Turin, Italy, is considered the most reliable. The Turin Canon, from the Ramses II (1290-1224 BC) period, lists every king from Menes to Rameses II in order, with the length of each reign. A comparison chart of these lists, (showing our Twelfth Dynasty) is in Sir Alan Gardiner’s Egypt of the Pharaohs, NY: Oxford University Press,1964, p439. Petrie offers another version in his History of Egypt p150. A third listing is given by William F. Edgerton, “Chronology of the Twelfth Dynasty,” in Journal of Near Eastern Studies, V1, p307-14, 1942. Another is offered by William Murname, in “Ancient Egyptian Co-regencies,” Oriental Institute of University of Chicago, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, No.40, The Oriental Institute of Chicago 1977. These lists may also cover only parts of Egyptian history, and some may also be concurrent. “Rags and tatters” as Sir Alan Gardiner said. None give ages of the kings. None give absolute dating. The reigns of Sesostris II and Sesostris III are notoriously problematic. Some suggest that Sothic Dating gives 1872 BC as year 7 of the reign of Sesostris III. Sothic Dating is also suspect because the earth may have been hit off its axis, and thus the stellar system/record may have been disturbed. However, here the Cayce date of 5500BC for the Exodus is preferred. This reconstruction starts with the murder of Amenemhet I by Moses who was age 40 and exodus at age80. Combining the Cayce date with the reconstruction puts the Middle Kingdom also at 5500BC, a major revision.

 

Korah. A biblical revolutionary who defied Moses. Moses slaughtered him and his 3000 followers. The group may be linked to Aaron’s calf worshippers. See Kerma.

 

“Lamentations of Khakheperre.” See Complaints of Khakheperre(sonbe).

 

“Legend of Khenemu and a seven year famine.” See Khnum. See Imhotep.

 

“Legend of the Poisoning of Ra.” See Apep.

 

“Legend of the Destruction of Mankind by Ra.” This tale tells of Ra sending Hathor (as the fiery lion goddess, Sekmet) to destroy mankind (meaning the Egyptians). This is the Egyptian version of the destruction of Egypt by the passover angel.

 

Leprosy. A skin disease that discolors and destroys flesh. Moses struck his sister, Miriam, with leprosy after she complained about his marriage to a dark Cushite wife. This appropriately caused Miriam’s skin to turn snow white.

 

Libya. An ancient land west and south of Egypt. Sinuhe was in Libya with the co-regent, Sesostris I, on a military expedition when the old king, Amenemhet I, was assassinated. Sinuhe was the chief harem plotter, responsible for the murder. Sinuhe is also identified here as Moses, and Amenemhet I is identified as “the Egyptian” killed by Moses. Cayce said the new king was “coming from” the southern, mountainous region, which may be identified as Libya, the same place cited in the Story of Sinuhe.

 

“Little girl.” See Sidiptu. See Khufu and the Magicians.

 

Maat (Mayat). Egyptian godess of truth, rightness and order depicted with a feather on her head. Possibly represents personal justice and celestial order.

 

Madians, Midianites. The people Moses fled to after he killed the Egyptian. Also called Kenites, who were copper workers, miners, possibly from the Sinai mines at Serabit el Khedem. See Jethro. See Amuneneschi. See Astronomy. Madians also have links to Abraham (he married one), Joseph (they bought him) and Jesus (they were the Magi who foresaw his birth).

 

Manetho. Egyptian historian from c280BC who gave us the division of Egyptian rulers into the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms, with 30 dynasties. This is combined with the Turin Canon (and other sources) to reconstruct ancient Egyptian history. He may also be the last in the ancient line of the high priests of On.

 

Memphis. An ancient capital of Egypt, south of Cairo, which remained important during ancient times, linked to Ptah, had opposing Heliopolitan theologians.

 

Mercy seat. The Ark of the Covenant converted into a throne where the judge/king/leader sat. See Ark.

 

Meribah. Site of Moses’ sin at the water miracle. Moses took credit for causing water to come from a rock. He should have credited God for the favor granted to the thirsty complaining crowd. This sin caused God to ban Moses from entering the promised land, Canaan.

 

Middle Kingdom. Ancient historian Manetho divided Egyptian history into three major periods, Old, Middle and New divided by two Intermediate periods. The Middle Kingdom is primarily the Twelfth Dynasty, the main focus here.

 

Midian. See Madians.

 

“Mighty.” Moses is called “mighty” (Acts7:22). One suggested identity for Moses, Seth is also called “mighty” as god of storms and lightning. Furthermore, in “Three Tales of Wonder” the “triplet” considered her to be Moses/Sesostris III is also called “mighty is his ka.”

 

Mining. The Egyptians mined copper and turquoise on Sinai, and probably used defeated Asiatics as miners. Sinatic Semitic writing has been found at Serabit el Khadem. There is also a temple to Hathor there, which may be the site of the Aaronid golden calf heresy of the bible. See Serabit el Khadem. See Midianites. See Copper.

 

Miriam. Moses and Aaron’s older sister. She was Moses’ baby sitter when the Egyptian princess who adopted him found him in his ark.

 

Moon. Earth satellite may be linked to the derivation of the word Sinai because an ancient name for the moon was Sin. The Velikovskian theory of Venus being a comet may be compounded by activity involving the Moon. The gravitational exchange between the earth and the comet may have caused a secondary scenario (The cow jumped over the moon?).

 

Moses. Moses is the main character in this effort to match the Exodus events with the Egyptian stories. He is here identified as several Egyptian heroes: 1) as Sinuhe in “Story of Sinuhe;” 2) as the wretch in “The Eloquent Peasant;” 3) as the unnamed but known murderer in “Instructions of Amenemhet I to his son Sesostris I;” 4) as the mighty triplet in “Three Tales of Wonder;” 5) as Seth in “80 Years Contendings of Horus and Seth;” 6) as the brother left in charge of Egypt in “Exploits of Sesostris;” 7) as Falsehood in “The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood;” 8) as the sailor in “Shipwrecked Sailor;” 9) as Bata in “Tale of Two Brothers;” 10) as the prince in “The Doomed Prince;” and 11) as the herdsman in “Tale of the Herdsman.” He is also identified in a Cayce reading as a “marriage arranger” for a sister, Sidiptu.

 

Moses’ age. Jewish traditions, and the New Testament, Acts of the Apostles 7:20-30, divides Moses’ life into three parts: age 40 he committed the murder, fled to and stayed in Madian, at age 80 he returned to Egypt for the Exodus, which lasted 40 years until he died as age 120. Deut 2.14 says the last part of Moses life was 38 years.

 

Moses’ death and body. Jewish Legends tells a long and interesting argument between Moses and God. Moses tries to dissuade God from requiring his life. What does this mean? Did Moses want to live forever? Or did he want to avoid imminent and deserved execution? For what? The sin at Meribah? Moses, of course loses, and complies with God’s order. He dies. (At Mt. Nebo, according to the Bible.) However, now God must argue again, this time with the Devil over Moses’ body. This dispute can possibly be explained by referring to an Egyptian belief that the body must remain intact in order to be a resting place for the ba. And, evidently there was a faction (the devil’s) who wanted Moses to have no rest. They may have wanted a payback for Moses’ murder of Amenemhet I, and for whatever happened to that king’s body (the 14 pieces). The supporters of Moses may also have fought over control of the body for other purposes. There may have been miracles associated with such a relic comparable to those at Fatima and Lourdes. The Hebrews have a history of clinging to their hero’s bodies, such as a legend says they held on to Adam’s body, (See Noah). And they took Joseph’s body with them during the Exodus. Or perhaps there may have been substantial revenues related to a shrine such as the revenues generated by the visitors to Graceland who honor Elvis Presley. Or the priesthood denomination that possessed the body also possessed the heritage, power and inheritance privileges associated with legitimate control. God (wisely) hid the body at Beth Phogar in Moab (Deut34:1-8). Here Moses is identified as the king Sesostris III. See Pyramid of Sesostris III.

 

Moses’ fame in Egypt. (Exodus 11:3) “Moreover the man Moses was very great in the land of Egypt, in the sight of the Pharaoh’s servants and in the sight of the people.” Sinuhe was also famous. He said, “a fugitive fled his surroundings . . . I am famed at home.”

 

Moses’ father. The bible says Amram was Moses’ father. Amram was a Levite who married his aunt Jocabed. (See Moses’ mother.) Here Amram is an Egyptian high priest, Rawoser. Rawoser and his wife Ruddyet were predicted in a tale to be parents of triplet sons who would each become king. Rawoser was a high priest of the goddess Wosret (Hathor) and is here suggested to be also Sesostris 0. Sesostris 0, (also called Seni or Seny) is first husband of Amenemhet I’s wife, Nofret (here also Jocabed).

 

Moses’ humility. (Num 12:3) “Now Moses himself was by far the meekest man on the face of the earth.” Who wrote this? Moses or Joshua? and why? Is this why Moses’ face was veiled? Moses did not record that he was king of Egypt (Sesostris III) because he considered that information irrelevant for the Hebrews, who were just starting a new nation. See Moses’ fame. See Face.

 

Moses’ Mother. The bible says (Ex6:18-20) that Moses parents were Amram and Jochebed, who was also Amram’s aunt. She bore him Aaron, Moses and Miriam. Cayce says Moses’ mother was Hatherpsut (Krajenke p158) who also had another daughter, Sidiptu. It was this sister of Moses who was “despoiled by the Egyptian Moses slew.” In “Three Tales of Wonder,” the last tale tells of a prediction that a high priest of Ra, Rawoser, and his wife Ruddyet, would give birth to triplets (here not considered to be born on the same day) who would each become king of Egypt. Ruddyet is Jocabed and two of her triplet kings are Aaron and Moses, (Sesostris II and III). The theory of one woman as being the mother of all three Sesostrises, would certainly be disproven if three different mummies were found identified as each separate mothers of our trio (which may yet happen). Furthermore, the mother of Sesostris III is identified as Khenemet-Nefer-Hedjet (2) while the “woman associated with” Sesostris II has the same name! Khenemet-Nefer-Hedjet (1). (Oliver Perdu offers some details about this (these) women in his article “Khenemet-Nefer-Hedjet: Une princesse et deux reines du Moyen Empire,” Revue d’egyptologie, 1977 vol 29, p68-85). If this name is really a title, it is a rare title, and may only have been used in the 12th Dynasty. Moreover, this woman would also have to be identified as the mother of Sesostris I, that is as Nefer-To-Tonen. (Lana Troy offers a detailed listing of ancient Egyptian women in her book “Patterns of Queenship,” Uppsala 1986, which lists each known mention of these royal women’s names). This rare name/title, Khenemet-Nefer-Hedjet, may represent her six times greatness (derived from her long reign during the five reigns of the Twelfth Dynasty and one of the previous Eleventh Dynasty, possibly as a daughter of the last king). A rare woman indeed!

        If the Horus and Seth myth describes a succession fight (which is here suggested to be between the factions favoring AmI,SesI and AmII represented as Horus; and SesII and SesIII as represented as Seth). The mother, Isis, who was beheaded by her son (or grandson?), Horus, angered by her concern for her brother, Seth, his uncle and enemy. This may describe how she eventually died—executed by Amenemhet II, her grandson. However, this executed Isis was more probably Miriam.

        Cayce says about Hatherpsut (Krajenke p159): “The spirit of the mother in that experience, then, may yet aid and guide in the present; beautiful in body, beautiful in mind in the experience, yet turned the world upside down!” (355-1)

 

Mountain. A very high part of the earth, difficult to climb, that offers a majestic view both of the land and of the heavens. Mountains, in the bible, seem to be a popular site for either talking to God, or for dying, or both. Moses died on Mt Nebo, but his talks with God were at Mt.Sinai/Hor/Horeb. Sinuhe refers to Hathor as “Mistress of the Red Mountain.” Another tale, “Repulsing the Dragon” in Pritchard, tells about the 30 cubit serpent on the Mountain. Seth seems to have been a god of storms and lightning on a mountain. In “Blinding of Truth by Falsehood” a huge copper dagger is atop the Mt. of El. (A lightning rod, perhaps to attract the thunder and lightning associated with the voice of God when Moses spoke with Him on the mountain ?)

 

Mt. Nebo. A place near Canaan, the site of Moses’ death. Later Jeremiah hid the recovered Ark of the Covenant here.

 

Mt. Sinai. This mountain is a real place somewhere in or near Sinai. It is also the same mountain as Mt. Hor, Mt. Horeb, and also Mt. Zion. (There is a book by Jon D. Levenson, “Sinai & Zion: an entry into the Jewish bible” that compares the two mountains.) Here Zion is considered to be a different version of the word Sinai although this may not be the usual belief. After the Hebrews lost military control over the historic Mt. Sinai, they kept the idea of the covenant mountain, and moved it to Jerusalem and the temple. The physical mountain was no longer considered as important as the covenant bond. Furthermore the similarity of the word Sinai to the name Sinuhe must be noted if Sinuhe is to be identified as being Moses, the man who made the peninsula, and the mountain, famous.

 

Names. Egyptians had many names for each person. The kings usually had four or five names. They also had additional descriptive titles that told of their accomplishments. These names and titles may also have included the Egyptian’s famous love of puns. Their very language may also be based somewhat on puns. The Isis name glyph, shown as a throne on her head, also means that not only was she the seat of power, but she represented legitimate succession rights to the throne. The name Sinuhe also may show some obvious links to his adventures. If he is indeed to be identified as Moses, Sinuhe may be the reason the Sinai peninsula is so named. The names may be the same. Also in the name, Sinuhe, the glyph of the sycamore tree is included. This may refer to his relationship to Hathor who was the “Lady of the Sycamore.” She also was the goddess who appeared to “The Herdsman” in the sycamore that was burning. This may refer to the incident of Moses at the burning bush. This Egyptian name may efficiently include this incident in the name of the leader whose name also was left on the land area of the famous “rescue” (the Exodus on Sinai) and what they were rescued from (the destroyer goddess, Hathor/Sehkmet, the Passover angel). Names were considered very powerful by not only the Egyptians but by the Hebrews. God gave Adam and Eve the power to “name” the animals, which implies power over them. However God’s own name (one of His names) YHWH was considered so sacred that no one could even say it. This strange requirement was very important despite not being very understandable to us today. We try to pronounce it anyway, sometimes Yahweh or Jehovah or some variation. Likewise, the name of Ra was also considered secret and powerful. In the “Legend of Apep,” Isis wanted Ra to reveal his secret name to her so that she could gain power over him, before she would agree to save him from the threatening serpent Apep’s poison. (He did reveal his name to her, and she did save him.) It is not clear what the secret name was, however. We just know him as Ra. And we also don’t know what power Isis gained by knowing his secret name. However Ra did send her later, as Isis/Hathor/Sekhmet to destroy mankind. Maybe this destructive aspect was the power she gained by knowing Ra’s secret name. Here, the multi-faceted and multiple identifications may reveal that the Egyptians were not interested in telling the whole story. Or possibly they were interested in revealing only parts of the story that they considered important, but also they considered incidents as possibly undignified or in some way unacceptable or inappropriate for some famous individuals. Maybe it was like bragging or shame. Bragging about some incidents is allowed, but about other incidents is not allowed. Maybe being a successful warrior was OK, but being a herdsman was not OK. Maybe conquests were OK, but being shipwrecked, or terrified after an assassination was not OK. Maybe having ability as an astronomer, or a rebel leader was not really OK for a king. But he (Sinuhe/Moses/Sesostris III) did these momentous things and the Egyptians knew the events should be recorded. So they disguised some of the heroes—mostly by using different names. However the events described by the Egyptians in their ‘tales’ are here considered to be non-fiction, despite being somewhat idealized as were the Egyptian sculptural portraits. Another name problem is the consistent inconsistency of the translations, which causes index problems. The only secure way to match these names of characters and names of stories is to actually read them in order to recognize them as the same. Probably later some naming consistency will emerge.

 

Nazerite. Ancient biblical title, means “separated one.” Both Joseph and Moses were separated from their families. The title may also mean an astronomer initiate, or a specialized Madian or Heliopolitan high priest.

 

Nebkaure. King who listened to “The Eloquent Peasant.” He is usually considered to be from the Tenth Dynasty, however, here is considered to be Amenemhet II, of the Twelfth Dynasty, who also has the name Nubkaure among his king names. See Nubkaure.

 

Neferti (Nefero-rohu). Priest at Bubastis during the reign of the 12th Dynasty founder, Amenemhet I. This priest wrote a pseudo-prophetic account supposedly dating from the 4th Dynasty predicting the coming of an “Ameny” (Amenemhet I) who would rescue the Egyptians from the “strange bird” Asiatic “invaders” (immigrants) who had grown too powerful and prosperous for the native Egyptians. This text is in the Leningrad Papyrus. It is here considered to be propaganda favoring Amenemhet I, and revealing his opposition to the foreign element (Hebrews) in Egypt.

 

Nefru (Nefery-to-tenen). Queen consort of the partly Nubian military usurper, Amenemhet I. He married her to consolidate his claim to the throne because the royal line was matrilinear, and she also had considerable power and holdings. And a few other personal reasons.

 

Neith. In the Egyptian tale, “Contendings of Horus and Seth” this goddess represents Justice.

 

Nemty, Nemtynakht. Nemesis of the “Eloquent Peasant.” An official, (or Amenemhet II, the king himself) who took “the wretch”/Sinuhe/Moses’s old hereditary job and title during the reign of Sesostris I, while Sinuhe/Moses was in exile in Madian. Nemty /Nemy is also a minor character in the Horus and Seth myth. He is the ferryman who was bribed by Isis who gave him a golden ring for a ride to the Island-in-the-Midst. His toes were cut off as punishment. (Toes?) (The island may parallel the “island-of-the-ka” in “The Shipwrecked Sailor.”) Nemy or Nemty may also be a nickname for Amenemhet II, that is as the guy who wrongly (according to the opposition) held the throne, a fake Horus?

 

Nephthys. Sister of Isis, Seth and Osiris. Here, may be Miriam, Moses’ sister. See Family tree chart. See Miriam.

 

Nubia. An area south of Egypt that shared much history and gold with Egypt. Sesostris III led military campaigns to Nubia. He may have married a Nubian princess, and had royal sons by her, as a political move.

 

Nubkaure. Another name for Amenemhet II. Similar to Nebkaure, the king who listened to the “Eloquent Peasant.” The “Nub” part of this king’s name may also include the Nubian heritage that he had from his great grandmother. “Nubkaure” also means “golden are the souls of Ra.” The root word “nub” for gold originally refers to Nubia, which is the source of gold. Furthermore, this “gold” may also refer to his being a follower of the “golden one,” the golden calf, the goddess sent by Ra to destroy mankind.

 

Nun. Egyptian very early god of watery chaos before creation. Note biblical title for Joshua as “Son of Nun.” If Joshua is Amenemhet III (as suggested here), he certainly came after a period of chaos, and the title “son of chaos” would be apt.

 

Nut. Sky goddess, wife of the earth god, Gebb. Depicted as a woman stretched above the earth with stars in her flesh. Gave birth to Osiris, Horus, Seth, Isis and Nephthys. Pictured in “Atlas of Ancient Egypt,”Baines, p214.

 

Oedipus. Ancient king-hero who killed his father and married his mother. Sigmund Freud based most of his theories on Oedipus. His Oedipus-complex theory says that subconsciously people want to marry their mothers and kill their fathers. This old theory is now in disfavor. Freud was also interested in Moses because he wrote “Moses and Monotheism” linking Moses to Akenaten of the New Kingdom. Velikovsky, also interested in Oedipus, wrote “Oedipus and Akenaton” linking that pair.

        However, another link can be made: Moses and Oedipus. Here Moses is presented as having killed his adoptive step-father, Amenemhet I. Then he endured a period of exile. Moses later returned to become king Sesostris III, and may have associated himself (wed?) his queen mother to rule with her as king and queen. The queen’s name, Jocasta, is similar to Jocabed, Moses’ mother’s name. The Oedipean sphinx that caused terror parallels the passover angel/fiery lioness goddess Sekhmet. Furthermore, the action takes place in Thebes, which is the Egyptian city linked to the Twelfth Dynasty kings. The Greek Thebes is the Oedipus city.

 

On, Annu, or Heliopolis. Ancient Egyptian city, center for the Heliopolitan priesthood, whose members included Joseph, Aaron and Moses.

 

Oracles. Some thing or person used to give answers or predictions. During festivals statues or sacred bulls were asked to answer “yes or no” type questions by “choosing” one door or another. See Apis. In the Bible the mysterious Urim and Thummin kept in the Ark of the Covenant were used as oracles.

 

Osiris. Ancient Egyptian god murdered by his brother Seth. Legends from the Old Kingdom tell of his body being cut into 14 (?) pieces. His sister-wife Isis retrieved the pieces for his resurrection. In the longer (less ancient, and more satirical) Middle Kingdom version of the tale “The 80 Years Contendings of Horus and Seth” there seems to be a battle of factions over succession rights to the throne. Here, ONLY in this later version of the tale, Osiris represents “the dead king,” which is here considered to be Amenemhet I, while the other characters represent the other Twelfth Dynasty principals. See Isis for more Horus and Seth contendings. Osiris cult center was at Abydos. His hieroglyph was a throne and an eye. He was represented as mummiform with scepter and flagellum, white crown and plumes. He was usually depicted as dark, black (here as the slain half Nubian Amenemhet I, he would be dark), or green as resurrection god of vegetation, and ruler of the underworld.

 

Other Theories or Suggested Biblical Parallels:

-W. F. Albright links the biblical Exodus city of Pi-Ramses to Ramses II of the New Kingdom.

-G. Maspero links the Joseph-Potipare incident linked to the “Tale of Two Brothers.”

-G. Maspero compared Moses to Osarsuph, a priest of Heliopolis, and his shepherds of the Impure of Asia.

-D. Redford in “Egypt, Canaan . . .” says Manetho linked Moses to Amarna period.

-D. Redford parallels Moses and Tefnakhte of Sais (724-717BC)as both organized peoples in the Delta against oppression, both led hosts into Arabia where living proved rigorous.

-I. Velikovsky in “Ages in Chaos,” says Solomon’s Sheba is Egypt’s Hatshepsut.

-S. Freud in “Moses & Monotheism,” says Moses was Akenaton.

-Cambridge Ancient History, 1923, notes Sinuhe’s flight as similar to Moses’ flight to Madian.

-W. Keller in “Bible as History,” parallels Sinuhe’s and Moses’ flights, also notes the Egyptian seven year famine as similar to Joseph’s, but does not identify the incidents as the same incidents.

-A. Osman in “Stranger in the Valley of the Kings,” links Yuya, vizier of 18th Dynasty King Tuthmosis IV, to Joseph; also offers, “Moses: Pharaoh of Egypt, the Mystery of Akenaton resolved.”

-H C E Zacharias, in “Proto history” compares “Cheops and the Magicians” trick of the wax model of a crocodile that turns into a real crocodile and back to wax again, to Aaron’s rod/snake trick, Ex7:10.

-many link Sinuhe’s victory over a “hero of the Retinu” to David and Goliath.

-many link some of the Egyptian texts to biblical Proverbs, Psalms.

-many link “Dispute between a Man and his Ba” to Job.

 

Passover. (Exodus 12:29) The passing over by the Angel of the Lord, which caused the deaths of the firstborn in Egypt. This Angel is the Velikovskian comet/Venus which passed near (hit? bounced atmospheres?) the earth and caused destruction before it became a planet with a stable orbit. It is also Hathor, who was sent by Ra to destroy mankind, in the Egyptian “Legend of the Destruction of Mankind by Ra.” Furthermore, this angel/comet is also the golden calf worshipped by Aaron and the heretics. This thing flying in the sky looked like a cow, as did Hathor who was called the “golden one” and who was depicted with cow-style horns.

 

Phase. Astronomical term describing the moving heavenly bodies. In the Bible the comment, “It is the phase of the Lord” (Exodus 12:21) appears. The Oxford English Dictionary p769 defines phase: “1.Each of the aspects or appearances presented by the moon or any planetary body, according to the amount of its illumination: + Phasis I. The crescent moon, half moon, gibbous moon and full moon, are phases; but the term is commonly applied to the points of new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter . . . obs. erron. form of Pasch . . . an error in various Dicts. (Webster 1828-64, etc.) for Prase, Min.” The dictionary’s curious note that other dictionaries are in error when they link the words “phase” and “Pasch” seems to be a disapproval for any link between the passover angel and a heavenly/astronomical body. Here, the passover angel is identified as the Velikovskian comet/planet Venus that passed near or actually bounced against the earth before it took a stable orbit. It certainly as such, could have had phases. It also may explain why the holy day of the Passover requires some astronomical calculations to be set, and therefore does not fall on the same date every year (as does Easter, which is also based on astronomical calculations).

 

Plagues. The bible lists nine plagues, (See Oxford Companion to the Bible) plus the 10th being the passover. Three of the four traditions give different plagues: J lists eight (1-2,4-5,7-10); E lists five (1, 7-10); P lists five (1-3, 6, 10). None of the traditions lists all ten, but all agree on the blood of the 1st and last. The ten are: water to blood, frogs, gnats, flies, cattle disease, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, death of the firstborn (the passover).

 

Prophecy. Foretelling the future, or the prediction itself. The Egyptians enjoyed/required some prophecies, settling even for after-the-fact predictions, such as in the “Prophecy of Neferti” which predicted the rise of Ameny (Amenemhet I), and “Three Tales of Wonder” which predicted the births of triplet kings.

 

Ptah. Earliest Egyptian “one true creator God.” All creation emanated from his will. Depicted as a mummy holding a djed, linked to Sokar and Osiris, bull of Apis, he was the father of beginnings, the architect of the universe. He was mummiform with three scepters, patron of craftsmen, merged with necropolis god Sokar and Osiris into Ptah-Sokar-Osiris, and worshiped at Thebes and Abydos. Later a state god in the New Kingdom. One of Cayce’s previous lifetimes was as an Egyptian priest called RaTa, Ra-Ptah?

 

Puns. Words or symbols that have dual or ambiguous meanings. The Egyptians loved puns. Their pictograph hieroglyphics allowed some visual puns. Much symbolism and efficiency of conveying multiple meanings resulted, especially in names. See Abraham, Nubkaure, Sinuhe and Names..

 

Pyramid texts. Writings on the walls of rooms in some Old Kingdom pyramids. Later copied in other burials. The most famous is as the pyramid of Unas, last king of the Fifth Dynasty, in Saqqara.

 

Pyramids of Sesostris III. (Mertz/Tombs p121) “When the French archaeologist Jacques de Morgan entered the pyramid in 1894, he found that he had been anticipated. The body of the king was no longer in the huge red sarcophagus.” This king is Moses, whose body God had buried in a hidden spot near Beth-Phogar. The summer 1995 issue of the magazine KMT tells about the latest excavations of his pyramids.

 

Qadesh. See Kadesh.

 

Ra. Sun, supreme among Egyptian gods, linked to Amon Ra (Ram head with horizontal wavy horns.) May be linked to Ram (Aries, Ares, Mars?) and the sacrifice of Abraham. In the prediction of the triplet kings, the father, Rawoser/Rawosret/Senwosret is a high priest of Ra and the goddess Wosret (Hathor).

 

Ram. Linked to Ra who was depicted as a man with a ram’s head. Linked to Abraham (Ab ra ham) and his ram sacrifice. Ab means father, while Ba (ab reversed) means not only soul, but also ram (repeated in ra). Hidden in the name Abraham may be that the father-god may be (also) Amon-Ra. Linked also here is the Age of Aries of the constellations, (in the precession of the equinoxes) which may have involved some similar astronomical destructive scenario similar to the Passover. The followers/believers in Ra (the ram) were called sheep and needed a shepherd/priest.

 

Rameses II. Third king of the New Kingdom 19th Dynasty (1290-1224BC). Fought wars with Syrians, at Battle of Kadesh (found in Poem of Pentaru on his temple walls). Built tomb at Thebes, two temples at Abu Simbel, one to Ptah at Memphis, restored other shrines. Lived to be 96, had 200 wives, 96 sons and 60 daughters. Chief queen was Nefertari. His mummified remains show him to be six feet tall with red hair. Conventional history puts him as the pharaoh of the Exodus.

 

RaTa. Cayce says he was this Egyptian high priest, in a previous lifetime, who was in charge of constructing the great Pyramid at about 10,500 BC. Two books give the details: “Egyptian myths and the Ra Ta Story” by Richard Roche, and “The Great pyramid and its Builder” by Lytle W. Robinson. See Ptah (Ra-Ptah?) Also the A.R.E has the original readings.

 

Rawoser. Father of the triplet kings. See Wosret. See “Khufu and the Magicians” also called “Three Tales of Wonder,” for the tale of the triplet kings. In the prediction of the triplet kings, the father, Rawoser/Rawosret is a high priest of Ra and the goddess Wosret (Hathor.) The name Sesostris (Greek version) is also given as Senwosret and Senusert. Rawoser repeats these names. In the Cayce reading about Moses’ mother Hatherpsut, he said she was “despised for her love of a people.” These people may be the Hebrews, the worshipers of the “one true God” here called Ra. And this powerful high priest, a Hebrew, may have been father to Aaron/Sesostris II and Moses /Sesostris III, and grandfather to Sesostris I. Here Rawoser is Moses’ father, Amram. He is also Seni, and Sesostris 0.

 

Red. The bright hot color of blood. Canaan means the reddish purple, which was made from sea shells. Red also meant, to the Egyptians, the mountainous desert inhabited by the nomads/shepherds. Red was linked to Seth (here one aspect of Moses), the foreigner god brother of Horus who fought him for the throne. Seth had red hair. Sinuhe (another Moses aspect) mentions the “mistress of the red mountain.” Sesostris III (here still another Moses identity) was described by Manetho as a great warrior, and unusually mentions that the king was of great height “4 cubits, 3 palms 2 fingers breadth” which is about 6 feet, 6 inches tall, also with red hair. (The famous mummy of Rameses II is not only tall, 6 feet, but also has red hair.) The empty sarcophagus found in the tomb of Sesostris III, was red (and huge and empty). The famous face fragment of Sesostris III, at the NY Metropolitan Museum is a reddish brown. See Moses’ body. See Moses’ death.

 

Redactor. Editor/compiler of the Old Testament who probably re-created the lost (burned?) original scroll from four “other” copies, the famous J, E, D and P. Ezra most likely was the redactor.

 

Red Sea. The water between Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula. The bible describes the strange “parting of the waters” miracle at the Red Sea, in which the pharaoh and his army perished. Here this pharaoh is Amenemhet II, Moses’ nephew. The strange battle may be described from the Egyptian viewpoint in the “80 Years Contendings of Horus and Seth” with greater and stranger details such as a stone battle boat. (Horus is the nephew pharaoh, and Seth is the foreigner mighty Moses.) Many prefer a “Reed Sea” small marsh theory. However, another theory puts the crossing at the top of the Red Sea, where it connects with the Gulf of Aquaba, and puts Mt. Sinai in Madian, where Moses took his refugees home to the in-laws.

 

Reincarnation. Ancient belief held by many groups, that individuals return (incarnate) for different lifetimes. The psychic Edgar Cayce was surprised himself when one his readings referred to a previous lifetime. This stunned him, who as a devote Christian, had trouble accepting a new meaning for being born again. However, his faith that he was helping people allowed him to start a new level of helping. He moved from helping cure physical ailments, to helping cure spiritual impediments. The legacy Cayce left of these past life readings are part of the basis for the reconstruction presented here. Cayce himself foresaw a future lifetime, in which he returns to Detroit to look up records of his arrest for practicing medicine without a license in his lifetime as Edgar Cayce, in order to prove to others that he had been here in the twentieth century. The Catholic Church does not embrace reincarnation, despite a few clues left by Jesus. (Jesus said Elijah had come again as John the Baptist; Jesus implied that the man born blind, had not sinned to deserve the blindness, in a previous lifetime, nor had his parents; Jesus said he was older than Abraham; Jesus also said that he would return.) The church does seem to accept purgatory and resurrection of the body despite the distinctions from reincarnation being very subtle. The Church also offers some prefigurement characters such as Jesus being the “New Adam” and Mary being the “New Eve.” The Egyptians also had a strange title, “repeater-of-births” and “repeater-of-lives.” This seems similar to reincarnation but may only mean the start of a new dynasty.

 

Reuel/Ruel. See Jethro.

 

Rod. A long stick. Aaron had a magic wand that turned into a snake that ate the wand/snakes of pharaoh magicians. It was stored inside the Ark of the Covenant and had many powers such as to inflict burning wounds. When it was held high the Hebrews prevailed in battle. An Egyptian text, “Shu and Gebb” tells of a leader with a “staff” who led the Tegaiu fleeing to the mountains in fear of the destroyer goddess, Hathor. This is likened to the Hebrews going their “three days travel” during the fourth plague, into the mountains, led by Aaron and Moses to do their abominations. See Other Theories.

 

Ruddyet. Mother of the triplet kings in the “Three Tales of Wonder” and therefore the mother of Moses (the triplet called “mighty”). She was also the mother of a little girl. The last two paragraphs of the tale, found in Lichtman, tell of the mother lamenting the death of a little girl “who grew up in the house.” In the Old Kingdom aspect of the triplet story, Ruddyet is the daughter of Hardedef. See Sidiptu. See Moses’ mother.

 

Saqqara. Site near Memphis, which has the step pyramid complex built by Third Dynasty king Djoser by Imhotep. Also Unas pyramid texts there.

 

“Satire of the Trades.” An Egyptian text linked to the great literature of the Middle Kingdom. The hired author who wrote “Instructions of Amenemhet I to his Son Sesostris I,” for the king as propaganda, later in his life brags about how easy his job was. He compares his labor to that of manual laborers who endure backbreaking tasks for low wages. In this text is the implication of a refutation of his work for the king. That is, if he was indeed highly paid for his persuasive skills, the content is suspect. He is admitting the lucrative and propagandistic aspect of his work.

 

“Scribe of B.” This scribe wrote one of the ancient original versions of the “Story of Sinuhe.” See A. Gardiner’s “Notes on the “Story of Sinuhe” for the originals differ on which pharaoh welcomed Sinuhe back to Egypt. See the Welcomer pharaoh.

 

Sechem/Sikkem/Shechem. Ancient capitol of Israel near Nablus. Sesostris III (our Moses) captured this city. Moses took Joseph’s body from it’s Egyptian grave, according to Joseph’s deathbed wishes, when God came “to visit.” The Hebrews felt that Joseph’s body protected them during the Exodus. Moses reburied it here. See Bodies.

 

Sed. Egyptian word not considered related to the Hebrew word, seder, meaning the Passover meal, despite a similar root word. The Egyptian word may mean “tail” according to Christine Hobson, “The World of the Pharaohs,” or “slaughter” according to Stephen Quirke, “Ancient Egyptian Religion.” Here it may be both tail and slaughter if one considers the Velikovskian idea of a comet that looked like a cow with a long snaky tail that brought destruction.

 

Sed Festival. Strange obscure Egyptian event which originated in predynastic times. It was celebrated during the 30th regnal year and every 3 years after. The king had to run (?) to show rejuvenation. If he failed (?) he may have been executed. Willliam K Simpson,”Studies in the 12th Egyptian Dynasty: I-II’ in JARCE2, 1963 p53-64, p63) offers this listing:

        Amenemhet I ruled 30 years—sed attested, year unknown

        Sesostris I ruled 45 years—sed attested, year 31

        Amenemhet II ruled 35 years—sed not attested

        Sesostris II ruled 19? years—sed not attested

        Sesostris III ruled 30+? years—sed attested, year unknown

        Amenemhet III ruled 46 years—sed attested, year 30

 

Sehel Island. Located in the Nile between 1st and 2nd cataract. Famous for the famine stele, a rock monument with the story carved on it commemorating the visit of the 3rd Dynasty king Djoser to the shrine of Khnum, which ended the 7 year famine of Imhotep’s time. It is from the later Ptolemaic period, but may be a copy of a more ancient lost original. Considered by many to be an ancient fake or pious fraud (because of its similarity to the biblical famine).

 

Sekhmet. Egyptian goddess who was part of the Memphite triad. She was wife of Ptah, and mother of Nereftem. Egyptian statues of Sehkmet often depict her as a lion with a solar disk on her head, with many (neat, orderly-looking) snakes around the disk. These snakes may be the fiery serpents or something such as solar flares, that destroyed with scorching heat. Or they may have been the Velikovskian “magnetic lighting” exchanged between the earth and the passover comet Venus. The additional identity of Hathor as Sehkmet may be that she became different. She took on a new aspect as she approached the earth bringing the destruction. Another lion/cat relationship may be that the old celestial snake Apep/Apophis which threatened the sun/Ra, was beheaded by a cat. This cat, Bast, was worshipped at Bubastis and may be somehow related to the lion/catness of the fiery Sehkmet in the Egyptian astronomical history of celestial events. The snake may be the same celestial being (comet? Venus? or some such similar traveling ‘star’) that appeared to interfere with some other snake-star that threatened the sun.

 

Senusert. See Sesostris

 

Senwosret. See Sesostris

 

Serabit el-Khadim. Site on the western Sinai peninsula where the Egyptians had mines. Temple to Hathor found here.

 

Seraphim. Fiery flying serpent. The word seraph, as the name of a kind of serpent, may belong to the root seraph to burn, in allusion to the effect of the bite . . . This etymology has given rise to a conjecture that the celestial seraphim originally symbolized the lighting. Also considered angels, or heavenly beings that have wings. See also Fiery serpents.

 

Serpents. The lowly reptile snake has many strange symbolic, both positive and negative, meanings in the Bible and in Egyptian stories. A serpent tempted Eve and said she would be “like god” if she ate the forbidden fruit. The Egyptian legend of Apep/Apophis tells of a snake that poisons the sun, Ra. The rod of Aaron turned to a serpent that ate the Egyptian magicians rods/snakes. Velikovsky says the comet’s tail looked like a smoky undulating snake similar to the “column of fire by day, smoke by night” that the wandering Hebrews followed. The Ark of the Covenant seems to have been protected by “fiery serpents” that caused burning wounds. (Aaron’s rod?). Those bitten were told to look at some brazen serpents to be cured. The Egyptian “Aart of Ra” was hidden and protected by a huge strange serpent that caused burning wounds while it protected the book of Thoth that was kept in the Aart. The Egyptian snake, Mehen, “the coiled one” was a helpful attendant of the sun-god on his journey through the realm of night. In “The Shipwrecked Sailor” a strange benevolent snake, who had a family that included a “dear daughter,” rescues and befriends the sailor. In “Repulsing the Dragon” a 30-cubit snake on a mountain is described. The cobra, the emblem of royalty and power, is seen on many of the king’s headpieces, sometimes with a second serpent. The ureaeus crown had two serpents on it named Isis and Nephthys. A snake symbolized life, resurrection (reincarnation?) because it shed it’s skin. Also “Atum, Totality,” included the gods of primeval chaos, who were depicted in serpent form.

 

Sesostris. Greek version of the name shared by three kings of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Varient spellings include Usurtsen, Userten, Senusert, Senwosre, Senwosret. Includes the name of the goddess Wosret, another name for Hathor.

 

Sesostris 0. Father of two of the Twelfth Dynasty kings with the same name (Sesostris II and III) and grandfather of the third (Sesostris I). See family tree chart. He is also a high priest of Ra, named Seni, and the father, named Rawoser, of triplet kings. He is Moses’ father, Amram.

 

Sesostris I, (Kheperkare). Second king of the Twelfth Dynasty, son of Amenemhet I and Nefrutoten (Nererty-To-Tenen). Here considered to be not only grandson of Sesostris 0, but also younger half-brother of Moses. He is the pharaoh who sought Moses’ death. Sesostris I maintained the mines of Sinai with a firm hand.

 

Sesostris II, (Khakheperre). Fourth king of the Twelfth Dynasty. Maintained mines in Nubia and Sinai. Received tribute from Syria. Considered here to be Aaron/Eloquent Peasant. The length of his reign is unclear. Here he suffered a competing concurrent reign with his brother Moses, who is Sinuhe/Sesostris III. The lengths of the reigns of Sesostris II & III are not certain. Sesostris II may have reigned 48, 19 or 6 years; while Sesostris III may have reigned 30+, 38 or 19 years. Various sources offer conflicting data. William Edgerton gives a more detailed explanation of what is known in “Chronology of the Twelfth Dynasty.”

 

Sesostris III, (Khakaure). Fifth king of the Twelfth Dynasty, usually considered to be the son of Sesostris II. However, here the three Sesostris kings are considered to be brothers. Sesostris III, the most famous king of the Twelfth Dynasty, is Moses, who is also identified as a few other Twelfth Dynasty Egyptian characters. See the list of parallel characters and the list on related Egyptian texts, and the family tree chart, for the complete reconstruction. An excellent biography of Sesostris III by Robert D. Delia appears in Summer 95 issue of KMT.

 

Set. See Seth.

 

Seth. Third son of Adam and Eve, a replacement son for Abel who was killed by Cain.

 

Seth. Egyptian god who guards Ra from the evil serpent Apophis. Set is the god of storms, violence and war. He is brother and murderer of Osiris. Seth contended with his nephew (Osiris’ son Horus) for the throne. Linked to an unidentified animal (ass, pig, akapi, hippo ?). Linked to red, the mountainous desert, foreigners. Sometimes he is revered, sometimes despised. He is in the Twelfth Dynasty version of “The Legend of the 80 years Contendings of Horus and Seth,” another aspect of Moses.

 

Seven cows. The Bible story tells the famous dream in Genesis that Joseph interpreted to mean a coming of seven good years of harvest and prosperity followed by seven lean years. The word cow (kine) in Egyptian may also mean year although this interpretation may be late, and disputed.

 

Seven days. Moses wrote the story of God creating the earth in seven days. Each “day” represents a new “creation,” which actually is chaos and destruction. Joshua repeated the seven-day creation story in his victory/destruction of Jerico. He ordered the army to march around the city seven times. Here this is considered a symbolic reenactment of the comet orbiting the earth seven times (See Velikovsky. See seven cows.)

 

Seven Hathors. Egyptian cow goddesses. These divine beings gave predictions at a person’s birth, and they knew the dates of death of people. Usually they gave readings of bad luck and ill fortune. They star in one Egyptian tale, the “Doomed Prince.”

 

Shechem. See Sechem

 

“Shipwrecked Sailor.” This story tells of an adventure in which a humble sailor is rescued by a magnificent snake. This wise and benevolent snake tells the sailor of a disaster that destroyed most of his family and fellows, when “a star hit the earth.” This is a companion story to “The Story of Sinuhe,” both being partial autobiographies of Moses/Sesostris III.

 

“Shu and Gebb.” This legend tells of a prince of the eastern hills who has a staff or rod and who leads a crowd (called Tegaiu) to the “mountainous desert” to do “abominations.” This incident recalls a similiar situation in the Bible’s fourth plague during which Aaron, and his rod, led the people three days travel to the mountains to do what the Egyptians considered to be abominations.

 

Sidiptu. Said by Edgar Cayce to be Moses’ sister. She is the one despoiled by the Egyptian Moses slew. This despoilment was the reason for the murder. Part of Reading (355-1) appears in Krajenke p158. She is also suggested here to be the tattle-tale half sister in the tale of triplets, who was angrily tossed to the crocodiles by her irate brother after causing the bad situation.

        In the Egyptian “Tale of Two Brothers,” she is the “wife” of the older father-figure/brother who “tempts” the younger brother. She is blamed for their estrangement. The slain older brother “talks” to the younger: “you came after me with a dagger on the word of a filthy whore,” (Sidiptu). “The Egyptian” Moses killed is identified here as Amenemhet I (who is also identified as the father-figure older brother of the Tale). Sesostris I (son of Amenemhet I) is also identified as the older brother in the Tale. Father and son are a composite in this tale. Again she dies by crocodile, the punishment for whores.

        In the “Shipwrecked sailor” she is the “dear daughter” lost to the benevolent snake in the destruction when “a star hit the earth.” Here this reference to her as a “dear daughter” seems to be a gentle reproach to the sailor (here Moses/Sinuhe) that she was loved and should not have been treated so brutally and as only a political pawn. This seems to be a mournful reproach and reference to other’s guilt involving her marriage plan, despoilment and death. In other words, the situation was not all her fault. After the mother beat the girl, the girl complained, “How could she do this? She has born(e) three Kings! I will go tell . . .” She complained to her brother (here Moses) who dealt her a blow in anger. A crocodile then snatched her. When the brother went to tell the mother, he found her “her head on her knee, her heart sore beyond anything.” He said to her: “My lady, why is your heart thus?” She said: “It is the little girl who grew up in the house. Just now she went off saying, ‘I will go tell.’ Then he hung his head and said: “My lady, she did in fact come to tell me about it. As she stood beside me I dealt her a bad blow . . . and a crocodile snatched her.”’

        Both Sinuhe/Moses and his mother grieved over the girl. She had disrupted the marriage plan her brother formed for her to wed a high priest. She, jealous of her mother who had “borne three kings,” wanted a son who would also be a king, not a priest. That is, she went to the king (here considered to be Amenemhet I) with a different plan. She wanted to offer herself to become a royal wife. The king was happy to interfere with the threatening planned coalition between the harem and the priesthood. The king despoiled the girl. He probably had no intention of marrying her because he was already married to her mother. However, the king could have allowed her to marry his son, her other brother, Sesostris I. This disruption angered Moses, who then (as Sinuhe) plotted to kill the king. Sidiptu did not survive after telling “it,” the despoilment, to her brother. Evidently, her mother would not have told him, but she did beat her. The girl was out of her league. She was no match to her powerful mother, who survived and ruled through possibly the reigns of six kings. See Moses’ mother.

 

S’,-mhyt. Name playfully given to Sinuhe by the queen and princesses, means son of the North. “Si-mehyt, the Pedi born in Ti-muri, born of foreign parents come as an ‘A’am, offspring of Setiufolk.” This means not only was this former court official, Sinuhe, being called ethnic Asiatic, but that he took on the clothing and habits of the Asiatics and so he looked like one.

 

Sin. Ancient word for moon, or the moon god. Similar to Sinai, Sinuhe, and Zin.

 

Sinuhe (Sinahue, Sanehat, Sinuit, Senaway etc.). Hero of the Egyptian “Story of Sinuhe” which is identified as a partial autobiography of Moses. The name glyph for Sinuhe includes the sycamore. Sinuhe himself was related to the goddess Hathor who had appeared to a herdsman in a sycamore. This herdsman is here suggested to be not only Sinuhe, but also Moses at the burning bush. See Burning Bush. The word “sny” (Gardener/Notes p190) means 1) to pass or 2) to open, to manifest oneself, to appear. The similar word “snny” means to “pass or move.” This may display a meaning akin (a pun) to the name Sinuhe as the one who saw and predicted the goddess Hathor’s pass-over. A third relationship is between the name Sinuhe and Sinai as being similar to the hero who led the adventures there. That is Sinuhe being identified as Moses, and the mountain, Mt. Sinai (Hor or Horeb) and the whole peninsula, being named later after him. Another similarity may be that the word “sn” means brother, another significant aspect linking Sinuhe not only to the “Tale of Two Brothers,” but also to the “Exploits of Sesostris.” In both stories the relationship with a brother is paramount. Furthermore “sn” with a check mark above the s, means tree, which is also included in the glyph for Sinuhe as a sycamore (again linked to Hathor).

 

Sinai. This peninsula is most famous because of the Mt. Sinai on which Moses talked with God, and the 40 year wandering adventure of the 2 million persons who followed him to escape Egypt (and the passover angel/golden calf/hathor/comet Venus) and the destruction. The exact location of Mt. Sinai is unknown, but the southern Jebel Musa is the conventional favorite candidate. A site in Madian is here preferred.

 

Siris. North star, dog star, Sepdet, Sothis.

 

Sothis. Dog star Sirius depicted by the Egyptians as a woman with a star on her head. The “Sothic cycle,” of 1460 years, the time that it took for the Egyptian calendar to correct itself since the adjustment made by a leap year every fourth was not known; therefore the error was cumulative. It is possible to work backward and calculate and therefore date quite closely documents or events that make reference to a Sothic rising in earlier years. Sothic dating calculations cite year 7 of the reign of Sesostris III as astronomically exact. Some consider chronologies based on Sothic dating as suspect, however.

 

Soul. See Ba.

 

Staff. See Rod.

 

“Story of Sinuhe.” See Sinuhe.

 

Strange fire. Biblical fire that killed Aaron’s two sons, (Leviticus 10).

 

Sycamore. A tree or bush called Nehet, which was the abode of the goddess Hathor. Also linked to the lotus. The sacred tree grew near Memphis near the desert. The bas (souls that took the appearance of birds) of the dead flew to and rested in it’s branches. The glyph of the sycamore is found in the name Sinuhe. See Burning Bush. See “Tale of the Herdsman.”

 

“Tale of the Herdsman.” A shepherd gets surprised and terrified by the goddess, Hathor in a tree. See Burning Bush.

 

“Tale of Two Brothers.” Story from the 19^th Dynasty, written by the scribe Ennana, tells of a handsome younger brother, Bata, being tempted by his older brother’s wife. After he rejects her in horror, she dishevels herself and complains to her husband, Anpu (or Anubis), that Bata attacked her. Usually this tale reminds scholars of Joseph’s incident with Potiphar’s wife. However here, the tale is compared to the Sidiptu despoilment from the oppositon perspective. That is the girl is blamed. She is not an innocent victim. Moreover she is called a “wife” of the older brother (here Amenemhet I). She seems to be the guilty party while both brothers seem innocent. Perhaps the tale had aimed at reconciliation between the brother’s factions. The tale goes on with more adventures and becomes obscure despite many details of Bata’s life matching some in Moses life.

 

Tharbis. Josephus gives this as the name of Moses’ Cushite wife.

 

Thebes. Ancient city about 400 miles south of Cairo. Amenemhet I, from southern Thebes, moved the capital north to Iwthawy (Itj-Tawy or Lisht), the exact location of which is unknown. Thebes is also known as Luxor, which is near Karnak.

 

Thoth. God of wisdom and learning, depicted as a man with an ibis head, or as a baboon. He was the scribe god who invented writing. He is linked to Hermopolis, and may be identified as Hermes. He is often depicted with the crescent moon. Imhotep is said to have built the Saqqara complex with plans of Thoth that “dropped from the sky.” The Aart of Ra, which was guarded by a dangerous serpent, while the box was hidden, was said to contain the “Book of Thoth,” which contained important secrets of power. The ancient astronomers had to memorize from his texts, which have not yet been found. Cayce says Hermes was a previous lifetime of Jesus, and therefore may have also been Thoth. Imhotep is identified here as Joseph another lifetime of Jesus. Therefore if Imhotep consulted the Book of Thoth, he was consulting a book that he had written in a previous lifetime.

 

“Three days travel.” After the fourth plague in the Bible, Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt, three days travel, to the mountainous desert to do the “abominations” that horrified the Egyptians. Moses had no intention of going back, despite saying that they would only go for a short time. This began the Exodus. When the king realized they were not coming back, he mustered his army to follow and retrieve them, or perhaps to join them and escape the passover angel also. Moses probably led the travelers across Sinai directly to Madian, to his in-laws and to the mountain where he had his burning bush vision.

 

“Three Tales of Wonder.” See “Khufu and the Magicians.”

 

Thunder. Voice of God who spoke to Moses on the mountain in thunder and lightning. Seth, another identify of Moses, is linked to storms. He also had a huge copper dagger on Mt. Yal (a lighting rod?). Velikovsky suggested that Venus and Earth exchanged horrendous magnetic lighting manifested as the Bible’s “pillar of fire” that led Moses and the Hebrews during the Exodus.

 

Triplets. Names of the three were first: wsr (weserkef) meaning “strong,” “mighty” and “His ka is mighty.” This one is Moses/Sesostris III. The second baby: Sahu-Ra, “One whom Ra has well endowed,” “to kick” and “Tread of Ra” a priest of On. He is Aaron/Sesostris II. The third child: Keku, Neuserre Kakai, a pun. Kakai and Keku mean “darkness.” This one is Sesostris I whose grandmother was Nubian. See the family tree with the birth and king sequences. See “Khufu and the Magicians.”

 

“Truth and Falsehood.” Story tells of a “Falsehood” person blinding a “Truth” person in order to get his way. May be linked to the Horus and Seth dispute in which Horus is also blinded, (our Moses being here identified as Seth and Falsehood for these two dispute/legends). The author obviously reveals which faction he supports by calling his hero “Truth.”

 

Turin Canon. Twelve page papyrus roll in The Egyptian Museum in Turin. It lists king names and lengths of their reigns from Menes to Ramses II. It is considered to be most accurate of the king list sources. See King Lists.

 

Twelfth Dynasty. An Egyptian period during the Middle Kingdom comprised of 8 kings, the last being female. The males share the two names Amenemhet and Sesostris. A new dynasty usually started after a previous dynasty died out or was usurped. Scholars who have tried to merge the ancient king lists offer many different chronologies. The main problem in Twelfth Dynasty chronology seems to be the reign of Sesostris II being indeterminate, confused, conflated. Here Sesostris II and Sesostris III (Aaron and Moses) are suggested to have concurrent reigns. See the merged chronology provided in chart form.

 

Unas. Last king of the Fifth Dynasty. The Pyramid Texts, Utterances 237-274, sometimes called the ‘Cannibal Hymn’ are found in his pyramids at Saqqara. A translation is in Lichtman AEL Vol I, p30-37. Here the king seems to be identified as a celestial threat.

Some excerpts:

 

“Sky rains, stars darken . . . the vaults quiver, earth’s bones tremble . . . the planets stand still . . . at seeing Unas rise in power . . . his gods on his head, his serpents on his brow . . .

Una’s lead-serpent in on his brow . . .

Unas is the bull of heaven who rages in his heart . . . from the isle of flame . . .

Unas will judge with

Him-whose-name-is-hidden

On the day of the slaying of the eldest . . .”

       

        Similarities between this strange hymn and the biblical events and/or the comet-as-passover-idea, seem obvious. This hymn may be a real astronomical description of the celestial threat or prediction akin to a Velikovskian horned comet, which had a tail that looked like a snake. The “horns” may be related to the bull/cow that became the golden calf-comet-passover, which was recurrent. It may have threatened the earth the seven times (seven cows) as in the Joseph seven cow-years famine prediction. The hidden name may refer no only to the secret name of Ra (in the Apep tale), but also to the secret name (YHWH) of God. The slaying of the eldest may refer to “human sacrifice” offered in terror of this thing, or it may be those killed by it in the natural disasters, caused as the earth was attacked by the horrendous, almost equal sized, planet-comet. There remains the multi-identification confusion of the king, the comet, and God. Joseph/Imhotep’s pyramid complex is also at Saqqara.

 

Usert. See Wosret.

 

Veiled. Covered with a cloth, usually a person’s face to hide or protect it. In Exodus 34:34 Moses’ face shone with such glory that he veiled it. In the New Testament, 2 Corinthians 3: 13-16 St. Paul refers to Moses’ veil. “ . . . as Moses, who used to put a veil over his face that the sons of Israel might not look intently at the end of what was fading away. But their minds were hardened; for until this very day at the reading of the old covenant the same veil remains unlifted, because it is removed in Christ. But to this day whenever Moses is read, a veil lies over their heart; But whenever a man turns to the Lord, the veil is taken away.” This veil, this hiding of Moses’ face, means that his identity as also a king of Egypt, Sesostris III, was hidden. Moses, the author, in an act of humility, deleted his royal glory from the Hebrew records as irrelevant to his kin who were starting a new country in their promised land. The lifting of the veil, that is the identification of Moses as an Egyptian king, also confirms the historicity of the man. He is not a mythological or fictional character. His dealings with God become somewhat less mysterious, but more real and historic. God is not an old man with a long beard on top of a mountain talking in thunder, nor is He is not the comet that passed over the earth terrorizing and destroying Egypt. He is the Creator who loves us and takes care of us if we turn to Him. Moses knew this, and he knew God.

        Another reason that Moses’ face was “veiled” appears in Exodus 32:30. After the people had sinned by worshipping the golden calf, Moses told them how grave their sin was. Then Moses said to God, “If you would only forgive their sin! If you will not, then strike me out of the book that you have written.” This most serious offer, this bargain with God, meant that Moses so loved his people that he would have given up his soul to save them. Being left out of God’s book means total annihilation, death of the soul forever, no salvation or reincarnation. Perhaps God compromised and allowed Moses life to be written in his book (the akashic record), but did not allow Moses real name to be used in his other book, the Bible. And again when the people arrived at the promised land Moses could look at the land (Deut. 32), but was banned from entering because of his sin with the water at Mariba. Perhaps Moses’ real name was also banned from entering the promised land and banned from entering into their history.

 

Venus. Second planet from the sun, between Earth and Mercury. Velikovsky’s theory suggests that Venus erupted from the red spot of Jupiter. It took an orbit that crossed the orbits of the other planets. It came closer and closer to the earth with each pass. Then it “hit” the earth, or “bounced atmospheres” causing horrific magnetic lighting displays. It may have also interfered with the moon, and caused solar flares, until it was finally hit into a stable orbit by Mars. He also linked the hit to the passover. Venus is also identified as Baal, Astarte, and Hathor. See Velikovsky’s Chapter 9 of “Worlds in collision” for his elaboration on the celestial birth of Venus theory.

 

Velikovsky. Immanuel Velikovsky wrote a series of exuberant books on which some of the theories presented here, are based. He speculated that the Exodus Passover angel was Venus as a comet that was ejected from the red spot of Jupiter. This nearly earth-sized comet hit, or bounced atmospheres with the earth in a horrific event. However, Velikovsky basically ignored Moses, choosing rather to identify Solomon’s Sheba as Hathshepsut.

        Three of his contributions are used in this reconstruction: that the passover angel was indeed the then recurrent comet Venus; and that the conventional dates of the Exodus, relating to the Egyptian dates, are wrong; that events (Biblical to Egyptian) can be matched one for one in order to find and identify the heroes.

        Velikovsky noted the “Legend of the Destruction of Mankind by Ra,” as similar to the Exodus-passover event, however he did not identity the two probably because of a dating discrepancy. He also noted the Ipuwer papyrus as being similar to the terrible times of the destruction involving the passover. See Ipuwer.

        Velikovsky also offered some other creative explanations to explain the strange events. For example, he suggested that the manna of the Exodus, was the condensed carbohydrate atmosphere of Venus, which was edible. He also suggested that the burning bush incident and the long-day of Joshua were somehow related to additionally to the recurrent horrific comet. Velikovsky suggested further that the comet Venus crossed the path of Mars also. This appeared (from earth) to be a heavenly battle between an angel and the dragon. (Michael and the dragon?) Mars (Michael) defeated the dragon (Lucifer) who fell into a stable non-threatening orbit. Many of his scientific predictions have been discovered to be true. He predicted the correct temperature of Venus as being hot, about 600 degrees. Previously thought to be cold, it was found to be about 900 degrees. On both sides it has an even uniform ‘boiled bubbles’ type surface that suggests the entire surface to have been formed at the same time, not the usual millions of years of miscellaneous comet hits and volcanic eruptions. He suggested that Venus’ anomalous reverse axial spin could be explained by the comet scenario. He predicted magnetic bands around the earth would be discovered, and the Van Allen Bands later were. The scientific and scholarly communities have certainly not remembered him, or given him any credit after confirming some of his ideas. He irritated them so much. Donald B. Redford, in his book, “Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times,” 1992, p421 scorns Velikovsky: “Since World War II, a number of theories have been hatched that attempt to ‘explain’ by a single, comprehensive stroke some or all of the supernatural concomitants of the Exodus. Thus, an unusually high inundation caused by heavy rainfall in Abyssinia is put forward as the catalyst that occasioned a sequence of natural disasters, which have come down to us in the narrative as the Ten plagues. Or, a comet passing too close to the earth caused not only the plagues, but a tidal wave at the Red Sea and volcanic eruptions, which account for the pillar of fire and cloud, the Mountain of God, manna in the wilderness and probably anything else you would like to throw in which this ingenious author has forgotten. . . . In actual fact, it is very rare that a problem area in history, worked over for generations of scholars, will suddenly be wholly solved by a single event, unnoticed and unrecorded in contemporary records. This kind of ‘open sesame’ smacks of sheer fantasy.” Redford also on that page offers to provide a list of Velikovsky’s errors to any reader who requests it.

 

Visit. A being approaching another for an encounter. In the last paragraph of Genesis, Joseph predicts that God will “visit” (Douay). Then Joseph says to get his bones out of Egypt because of the impending (destructive)”visit.” Joseph, on his deathbed predicted that the passover angel of death would hit Egypt, and he probably gave the date. Moses got the message about 400 years later and tried to save those who would follow him out of Egypt. Some recent translators prefer the words “take care of” instead of “visit”.

 

The Welcomer pharoah. In Sir Alan Gardiner’s “Notes on the Story of Sinuhe,” the parallel original versions of the text disagree on which king welcomed the older Sinuhe back to Egypt. Most scholars choose Sesostris I because they assume that Sinuhe did not stay away over 35 years, the length of Sesostris I’s reign. They consider the name Amenemhet, as the welcomer, a gross error because they think that the murdered king is meant, not his grandson with the same name. This same grandson king, Amenemhet II/Nubkaure is also the one who listened to the “Eloquent Peasant.” This king is the pharaoh of the Exodus, not Rameses II. See The Scribe of B.

 

Wosret/Usert. Goddess Isis and/or Hathor. The name Sesostris (Greek version) is also SenUsert and Senwosret, meaning “man of the goddess Wosret.”

 

Yaa. Land of Yaa mentioned in “The Story of Sinuhe,” where Enshi, son of Amu (Amuneneschi) lived. Amuneneschi was the Madian highpriest-tribal leader who welcomed the fleeing Sinuhe, and is identified as Jethro/Reuel who welcomed the fleeing Moses and who became his father-in-law. The obvious link to Yahweh is noted. Sinuhe also described the land as flowing with “milk and honey.” This identification of lands implies much overlap, perhaps as conquered or federated kingdoms.